自考《英美文学选读》（美）浪漫主义时期（1）
一、美国浪漫主义时期概述
Ⅰ。本章学习目的和要求
通过本章学习，了解19世纪初期至中叶美国文学产生的历史、文化背景；认识该时期文学创作的基本待征、基本主张，及其对同时代和后期美国文学的影响；了解该时期主要作家的文学创作生涯、创作思想、艺术特色及其代表作品的主题思想、人物刻画、语言风格等；同时结合注释，读懂所选作品并了解其思想内容和艺术特色，培养理解和欣赏文学作品的能力。
Ⅱ。本章重点及难点：
1.浪漫主义时期美国文学的特点
2.主要作家的创作思想、艺术特色及其代表作品的主题结构、人物刻画、语言风格、思想意义。
3.分析讨论选读作品
Ⅲ。本章考核知识点和考核要求：
1.美国浪漫主义时期概述
（1）“识记”内容：美国浪漫主义文学产生的社会历史及文化背景
（2）“领会”内容： 美国浪漫主义在文学上的表现
a.欧洲浪漫主义文学的影响枝销
b.美国本土文学的崛起及其待证
（3）“应用”内容：清教主义、超验主义、象征主义、自由诗等名词的解释
2.美国浪漫主义时期的主要作家
A.华盛顿。欧文
1.一般识记：欧文的生平及创作主涯
2.识记：《纽约外史》《见闻札记》
3.领会：欧文的创作领域、创作思想，及其作品的艺术风格
4.应用：选读《瑞普。凡。温可尔》的主题及其艺术特色
B.拉尔夫.华尔多.爱默生
1.一般识记：爱默生的生平及创作生涯
2.识记：爱默生的超验主义思想
3.领会：
（1）爱默生的散文：《论自然》《论自助》《论美国学者》等
（2）爱默生与梭罗：梭罗的超验主义思想和他的《沃尔登》
4. 应用：《论自然》节选：爱默生的基本哲 学思想及自然观
C.纳撒尼尔。霍桑
1.一般识记：霍桑的生平及创作主涯
2.识记：霍桑的长桥拿短篇小说
3.领会：
（1）《红字》的主题、心理描写、象征手法和、小说结构
（2）霍桑的清教主义思想及加尔文教条中的“原罪”对霍桑的影响（人性本恶的观点）
（3）霍桑对浪漫主义小说的贡献
4.应用：选读敏搭搭《小伙子布朗》的主题结构、象征手法及语言特色
D.华尔特。惠特曼
1.一般识记：惠特曼的生平及其创作生涯
2.识记：惠特曼的民主思想
3.领会：
（1）惠特曼的《草叶集》的主创意图、思想感情及诗体形式、语言风格
（2）惠特曼的个人主义
4.应用：选读《草叶集》诗选：“一个孩子的成长”、“涉水的骑兵”、“自己之歌”的主题结构、诗歌的艺术特色、语言风格
E.赫尔曼。麦尔维尔
1.一般识记：麦尔维尔的生平及创作生涯
2.识记：麦尔维尔的早期作品：《玛地》《雷得本》《白外衣》，后期作品《皮埃尔》《骗子的化装表演》《比利伯德》等
3.领会：《白鲸》的
（1）主题：表层及深层意义
（2）小说结构：浪漫主义和现实主义的统一
（3）象征手法和寓言的运用
（4）语言特色
4.应用：选读《白鲸》最后一章的节选：主题思想、人物刻画、象征手法、语言特色
Chapter l The Romantic Period
（一）“识记”内容：
1.The origin of Romantic American literature
The Romantic Period， one of the most important periods in thehistory of American literature， stretches from the end of the 18th century to the outbreak of the Civil War. It started with the publication of Washington Irving’s The Sketch Book and ended with Whitman’s Leaves of Grass.
2.The American Renaissance or New England Renaissance is a period of the great flowering of American literature， from the i830s roughly until the end of the American Civil War. It came of age as an expression of a national spirit. One of the most important influences in the period was that of the Transcendentalists， including Ralph Waldo Emerson， Henry David Thoreau. The Transcendentalists contributed to the founding of a new national culture based on native elements. Apart from the Transcendentalists， there emerged during this period great imaginative writers ——Nathaniel Hawthorne， Herman Melville， and Walt Whitman——whose novels and poetry left a permanent imprint on American literature.
3.Its social historical and cultural background
The development of the American society nurtured "the literature of a great nation." America was flourishing into a politically， economically and culturally independent country. Historically， it was the time of westward expansion in America economically， the whole nation was experiencing an industrial transformation. Politically， democracy and equa1ity became the ideal of the new nation， and the two-party system came into being. Worthy of mention is the literary and cultural life of the country. With the founding of the American Independent Government， the nation felt an urge to have its own literary expression， to make known its new experience that other nations did not have： the early Puritan settlement， the confrontation with the Indians， the frontiersmen''''''''s life， and the wild west. Besides， the nation’s literary milieu was ready for the Romantic movement as we11. Thus， with a strong sense of optimism， a spectacular outburst of romantic feeling was brought about in the first ha1f of the 19th century.
4.Major writers of this period
There emerged a great host of men of letters during this period， among whom the better-known are poets such as Philip Freneau， William Cullen Bryant， Henry Wordsworth Long Fellow， James Russel Lowell， John Greenleaf Whitter， Edgar Ellen Poe， and， especially， Walt Whitman， whose Leaves Of Grass established him as the most popular American poet of the 19th century. The fiction of the American Romantic period is an original and diverse body of work. It ranges from the comic fables of Washington Irving to the The Gothic tales of Edgar Allen Poe， from the frontier adventures of James Fenimore Cooper to the narrative quests of Herman Melville， from the psycho1ogical romances of Nathaniel Hawthorne to the social realism of Rebecca Harding Davis.
（二）领会内容
1.The impact of European Romanticism on American Romanticism
Foreign literary masters， especially the English counterparts exerted a stimulating impact on the writers of the new world. Born of one common cultural heritage， the American writers shared some common features with the English Romanticists. They revolted against the literary forms and ideas of the period of classicism by developing some relatively new forms of fiction or poetry.
（1） They put emphasis upon the imaginative and emotional qualities of literature， which included a liking for the picturesque， the exotic， the sensuous， the sensational， and the supernatural.
（2） The Americans also placed an increasing emphasis on the free expression of emotions and disp1ayed an increasing attention to the psychic states of their characters. Heroes and heroines exhibited extremes of sensitivity and excitement.
（3） The strong tendency to exalt the individual and the common man was almost a national religion in America. Writers like Freneau， Bryant， and Cooper showed a great interest in external nature in their respective works.
（4） The literary use of the more colorfu1 aspects of the past was also to be found in Irving’s effort to exploit the legends of the Hudson River region， and in Cooper’s long series of historical tales.
（5） In short， American Romanticism is， in a certain way， derivative.
2.The unique characteristics of American Romanticism
Although greatly influenced by their English counterparts， the American romantic writers revealed unique characteristics of their own in their works and they grew on the native lands. For examp1e，（1） the American national experience of "pioneering into the west" proved to be a rich source of material for American writers to draw upon. They celebrated America''''''''s landscape with its virgin forests， meadows， groves， endless prairies， streams， and vast oceans. The wilderness came to function almost as a dramatic character that symbolized moral 1aw. （2）The desire for an escape from society and a return to nature became a permanent convention of American literature. Such a desire is particularly evident in Cooper’s Leather Stocking Tales， in Thoreau''''''''s Walden and， later， in Mark Twain’s Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. （3） With the growth of American national consciousness， American character types speaking local dialects appeared in poetry and fiction with increasing frequency. （4） Then the American Puritanism as a cultural heritage exerted great influences over American moral values and American Romanticism. One of the manifestations is the fact that American romantic writers tended more to moralize than their English and European counterparts. （5） Besides， a preoccupation with the Calvinistic view of origina1 sin and the mystery of evil marked the works of Hawthorne， Melville and a host of lesser writers.
（三）应用内容
1. The American Puritanism and its great influence over American moral values， as is shown in American romantic writings.
（1） American Puritanism
Puritanism is the practices and beliefs of the Puritans. （The Puritans were originally members of a division of the Protestant Church， who came into existence in the reigns Queen Elizabeth and King James Ⅰ。The first settlers who became the founding fathers of the American nation were quite a few of them Puritans. They came to America out of various reasons， but it should be remembered that they were a group of serious， religious people， advocating highly religious and moral principles. As the word itself hints， Puritans wanted to purify their religious beliefs and practices. They felt that the Church of England was too close to the Church of Rome in doctrine form of worship， and organization of authority.） The American Puritans， like their brothers back in England， were idealists， believing that the church should be restored to complete "purity". They accepted the doctrine of predestination， original sin and total depravity， and limited atonement through a special infusion of grace from God. But in the grim struggle for survival that followed immediately after their arrival in America， they became more and more practical， as indeed they had to be. Puritans were noted for a spirit of moral and religious earnestness that determinated their whole way of life. Puritans'''''''' lives were extremely disciplined and hard. They drove out of their settlements all those opinions that seemed dangerous to them， and history has criticized their actions. Yet in the persecution of what they considered error， the Puritans were no worse than many other movements in history. As a culture heritage， Puritanism did have a profound influence on the early American mind and American values. American Puritanism also had a conspicuously noticeable and an enduring influence on American literature. It had become， to some extent， so much a state of mind， so much a part of the national cultural atmosphere， rather than a set of tenets.
（2） One of the manifestations is the fact that American romantic writers tended more to moralize than their English and European counterparts. Besides， a preoccupation with the Calvinistic view of origina1 sin and the mystery of evil marked the works of Hawthorne， Melville and a host of lesser writers.
2. New England Transcendentalism
New England Transcendentalism is the mot clearly defined Romantic literary movement in this period. It was started in the area around Concord， Mass. by a group of intellectual and the literary men of the United States such as Emerson， Henry David Thoreau who were members of an informal club， i. e. the Transcendental Club in New England in the l830s. The transcendentalists reacted against the cold， rigid rationalism of Unitarianism in Boston. They adhered to an idealistic system of thought based on a belief in the essential unity of all creation ， the innate goodness of man， and the supremacy of insight over logic and experience for the revelation of the deepest truths. The writings of the transcendentalists prepared the ground of their contemporaries such as Walt Whitman， Herman Melville， and Nathaniel Hawthorne.
The main issues involved in the debate were generally philosophical， concerning nature， man and the universe. Basically， Transcendentalism has been defined philosophical1y as "the recognition in man of the capacity of knowing truth intuitively， or of attaining knowledge transcending the reach of the senses." Emerson once proclaimed in a speech， "Nothing is at last sacred but the integrity of your own mind." Other concepts that accompanied Transcendentalism inc1ude the idea that nature is ennobling and the idea that the individual is divine and， therefore， self-re1iant.
3. American Romanticists differed in their understanding of human nature.
To the transcendentalists such as Emerson and Thoreau， man is divine in nature and therefore forever perfectible； but to Hawthorne and Melville， everybody is potentially a sinner， and great moral courage is therefore indispensab1e for the improvement of human nature， as is shown in Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter.
简述1
在政治上反对封建主义，不再刻意突出人居还宁的理性，而是深入发掘人类的感情世界，通过瑰丽的想象和夸张的手法塑造特点鲜明的人物形来自象。
在创作风格上，以360问答想象力丰富的构思和跌宕起伏的情节为主要特征。
浪漫主义文学的基本特征：
1 强烈的主观色彩，偏爱表现主观思想，注重抒发个人的感受和体验。重主观，轻客观和重自我表现，轻客观模仿。
2 喜欢描写和歌颂大自然。(尤为突出)作者们喜欢将自己的理解人物置身于纯朴宁静的大自然中，影改专衬托现实社会的丑恶及自身理解的美好。
3重视中世纪民间文学。想象比较丰富、垂金概更卷史液感情真挚、表达自由、语言朴素自然。
4注重艺术效果：异国青岛情调、对比、夸张、人物形象的超凡性。
浪漫主义文学的发展状况：
一 德国文学
耶拿派：
1 德国最早的一个浪漫主义文学流派。以施莱格尔兄弟为代表。
2 19世纪他们在耶拿创办的杂志上第一次提出了浪漫生主义这个名称，并且系统地阐述了他们的浪漫主义文学主张：强调想象与情感，强调文学创作的绝对自由，追求宗教的神秘和象征感。
海德堡浪漫派：
1 19世纪一批作家在海德堡创办《隐士报》，形成了海德堡派。
2功绩：收集和整理德国民间文学。阿尔尼姆和布伦塔诺收座数言般物常义院衡集编写的民歌集《儿童的奇异号角》，格林兄弟《儿童与家庭童话集》都是对德国民族文学的重要贡献。
主要作家及作品：
霍夫曼和写速方任亲爱例机植莎米索的创作充满了神秘和怪诞的色彩。
海涅：在浪漫主义械铁打浓承影响下开始走上创作道路。
《论浪漫派》的发表，结束了浪漫主义在德国文学的统治地位。
早期代表作：《西里西亚纺织工人》
后期代表作：《德国—一个冬天的童话》(抒情长诗)抒发了对德国封建制度和停滞的社会现实的仇恨与憎恶。
二 英国文学
湖畔派(英盐胞谁项杂互概越走此威国第一代浪漫主义业继来构院诗人)
1英国最早出现的浪漫主义脱信作家是“湖畔派”三诗人：华兹华斯、柯勒律治、骚塞。
2他们远离城市隐居湖区，必另曾叶才势波都喜欢歌颂大自然，描写宗法制农村生活，以此来抵制资本主义的城市文明。
华兹华斯(湖畔派中成就最高)：
《抒情歌谣集?序》玉属束散演然场座称为英国浪漫主义划时代的宣言。
《抒情歌谣》与柯勒律治合作。
柯勒律治：喜欢描误合绝写超自然的人与事。代表作《古毫洲分舟子咏》
英国第二代浪漫主义价广称龙气专略诗人(拜伦、雪莱)：
雪莱(恩格斯称他为“天才的预言家”)：
《麦布女王》：(长诗)雪莱的“预言”首先体现。
《解放了的普罗米修斯》“理解社会”。
自然山水诗：《云雀》、《西风颂》名句“冬天已经来临，春天还会远吗？”
齐慈《夜莺颂》务果怕推样念装(颂诗)：以精巧著称。
司各特：(以历史小说著称)“威弗利小说” 代表作《艾凡赫》
司各特的去世标志着英国浪漫主义的结束。
简?奥斯丁：《傲慢与偏见》、《爱玛》
三 法国文学
雨果《(克伦威尔)序言》的发表，树起浪漫主义的旗帜，是法国浪漫主义的宣言书。
19世纪法国浪漫主义的先驱：
夏多布里昂：
《基督教的真谛》：包括两部中篇：
《阿达拉》：写了一个发生在北美原森林的故事。是法国第一部浪漫主义小说。主人公：印第安人：夏克塔斯、部落酋长之女：阿达拉。
《勒内》：写的是一个贵族青年的忏悔。
史达尔夫人：
主要作品：《黛尔菲娜》、《柯丽娜》；理论著作《论文学》、《论德国》
拉马丁：诗集《沉思集》
缪塞(被称为法国的“莎士比亚”)：
《世纪儿的忏悔》(自传体小说)：塑造了一个“世纪病”患者“阿克达夫”的形象。
大仲马：《基督山伯爵》《三个火枪手》
乔治?桑：
《安蒂亚娜》：成名作
《康素埃洛》《安吉堡的磨工》：具有空想社会主义倾向的小说。
《魔沼》：田园小说
小仲马：《茶花女》通过妓女玛格丽特同阿尔芒斯的爱情悲剧揭露虚伪的社会道德和门第观念。
四 俄国文学(19世纪俄国是个沙皇专制的农奴制国家)
对自由的歌颂，对民主的向往是俄国浪漫主义文学的主旋律(反专制、争自由)。
茹科夫斯基：俄国浪漫主义诗歌的奠基人，被誉为“俄国文学史上第一个抒情诗人”。
普希金和雷列耶夫(十二月党人)的创作形成了俄国浪漫主义文学的高潮。
莱蒙托夫：(诗歌基本的主题：对自由的渴望)
《恶魔》：代表了莱蒙托夫浪漫主义创作的最高成就。
《当代英雄》：俄国早期小说的杰作：主人公毕巧林是继“奥涅金”之后又一个“多余人”的典型。主人公的自我剖析和日记形式，被誉为“俄国第一部社会心理小说”。
五 美国文学
欧文(美国文学之父)：代表作《见闻札记》
库伯(被称为“美国的华尔特? 司各特”)：
《水手》被誉为“美国第一部海上冒险小说。”
“边疆系列小说”包括：《最后一个莫希干人》《草原》《探路者》等。
爱伦?坡：美国文学史上具有唯美倾向的作家，被誉为“西方现代派的远祖”
推理小说：《毛格街的谋杀案》《失窃的信》
恐怖小说：《厄舍古屋的倒塌》《黑猫》
爱默生：《散文集》
霍桑：《红字》(长篇小说) 主人公：海丝特?白兰、牧师：丁梅斯代尔。
表现了宗教对人性的摧残，揭露了宗教的虚伪性，被称为是一部“心理罗曼史。”
惠特曼(美国浪漫主义最伟大的诗人)：
《草叶集》：是美国浪漫主义文学发展顶峰的产物。包括：
《听到美洲在歌唱》《我歌唱带电的肉体》《自我之歌》作者摒弃了传统诗歌的格律，创造了“自由诗体”。
其它国家文学：
密茨凯维奇：19世纪波兰最伟大的诗人。代表作：诗剧《先人祭》、长诗《塔杜施先生》。
裴多菲：19世纪匈牙利最伟大的诗人。代表作：《自由与爱情》
术语解释
东方叙事诗：
1 1813—1816年拜伦完成了一组以东方故事为题材的故事，称《东方叙事诗》。
2 叙事诗中的主人公被称作“拜伦式英雄”，这些叙事诗又叫“叛逆者叙事诗”。
拜伦式英雄：
1这些英雄大多出自于拜伦的《东方叙事诗》里。
2他们个个热情勇敢、意志坚强、骄傲孤独、心怀人间悲哀而不惜同命运抗争，最后还是以失败、死亡告终
第一部诗集：《懒散的时刻》
讽刺诗：《英国诗人和苏格兰评论家 》
《曼弗雷德》：表达了拜伦“世界悲哀”的哲学。主人公曼弗雷德则成为“拜伦式英雄”最
成熟的形象。
《该隐》(诗剧)：取材《圣经》主人公：该隐是敢于怀疑思考，有自己的欲望与要求的年轻人类的代表。
《唐。璜》：(一部未完成的长篇讽刺叙事诗或称诗体小说)：通过主人公唐?璜这位“古代朋友”几乎遍及全欧洲的冒险经历，展示出18世纪至19世纪欧洲广阔的社会现实。
基本结构是由唐?璜的两次旅行构成。
