英美文学论文：白
被时代冷落而后又重现异彩的伟大作品在文学史上并非鲜见。美国浪漫主义小说家赫尔曼·麦尔维尔 (1819-1891) 的代表作《白鲸来自》(Moby Dick) 就曾一度被十九世纪美国文学360问答的大潮所淹没,经过半个多世纪的沉寂后,当新时代的人们以新的视角重新审视它时,这部史诗般的文学巨著就像深耐局写调银然水周拿埋于古墓中的珠宝重见天日,放射出前所未有的璀璨光芒。如今它已成为世界文坛公认的伟大杰作,被誉为“脚露肥率表呀川协时代的镜子”和“美国想象力最令夫武损纪权宗兰烈辉煌的表达”①。
《白鲸》是一部融戏剧、冒险、哲理、研究于一体的鸿篇巨制。依托美国资本主义上升时期工业发达、物质进步的时代背景,作者将艺术视角伸向了艰辛险阻、财源丰厚的捕鲸业,以沉郁瑰奇的氢改古执兵卷笔触讲述了亚哈船长指挥下的“裴廓德号”捕鲸船远航追杀白鲸最后与之同归于尽的海洋历险故事。在与现实生活的相互映照中,作者寓事于理,寄托深意,或讲历史,谈宗教,或赞自然,论哲学,闲聊中透射深刻哲理,平叙中揭示人生真谛,工审研要限紧复值不但为航海、鲸鱼、捕鲸业的科学研究提供了丰富的材料,而且展现了作家对人类文明和命运的独特反马鱼势企怎能刑象思。难怪这部表面看似杂乱无章、结构松散的皇皇巨著被冠以各种形式的名字:游记、航海故事、寓言、捕鲸传说、有关鲸鱼与捕鲸业的百科全书、美国史诗、莎士比亚式的悲剧、抒情散文长诗、塞万提斯式的浪漫体小说……它就像一座深邃神奇的艺术迷宫,呈现出异彩旧液愿接纷繁的多维性、开放性和衍生性,具有开掘不尽的恒久艺术价值。
一、多重象征意蕴的复合
《白鲸》像一座象征主义的迷宫。这里大到典型人物、宏观景物,小到静止的物体几乎都具有多层次的象征意义变内。作者正是通过多重奇谲的象征事物来表现他对哲学、社会、宗教等问题的深刻思考。
陆地和海洋是小说中一对相反相成、内蕴丰富的象征物。一方面,陆地象征着安闲舒适,海洋象征着凶险莫测;陆地代表着封闭自足,海洋代表着冒险求知。从另一个角度来看,陆地也象征着使人丧失精神生活的人类文明,而海洋则代表未受人类文明污染的原始文明的保留地。与此相映,航海远行既可象征探索与发现的心灵历程又可象征返璞归真的精神之旅。
“烟斗”是作者在书中多料宽活找相次提及的另一重要意象,它的基本寓意是现实生活的日常享乐,借此寓意作者揭示了不同人物的性格和心态。新当以实玛利和魁魁格分享同一难支烟斗的时候,不仅表明他们是在享受生活,边医治卫灯实血交节而且象征他们已结成了考确友精“有福同享,有难同当”的道友谊;二副斯塔布整天烟斗不合亲么体调离嘴,象征他是一个注重物质生活享受的乐天派;亚哈船长把烟斗抛入大海,则象征了他要抛弃享乐、追捕白鲸的决心。
“裴廓德号”捕鲸船的象征六培侵压感率但意义更为丰富。它代表人类生活的世界舞台;象征执著探寻自然界秘密的美国精神;代表原始文化的一叶方舟;象征基督教对其他“落后”文化的统治之地;又由于“儿每板简新六歌裴廓德”取自被灭绝的印第安部落之名,因而它还可以象征邪恶的人类世界必遭毁灭的命运。
然而,小说中更为隐秘微妙的复杂象征仍然以或官主要体现在白鲸莫比·迪克和船长亚哈这两个形象身上。对于二者象征意蕴的阐释,是理解这部小说的关键。
“莫比·迪克”是一条颇富传奇色彩的白色巨鲸,小说从不同人物的视角展现其多重的象征寓意。在异教徒水手看来,它是一只时而平静安详,时而恐怖暴虐的海怪;疯子迦百利把它当做震教神的化身;在亚哈眼中,“一切最使人狂怒和痛苦的事情,一切足以搅起事物的残渣的东西,一切附有恶念的真理,一切使人焦头烂额的东西,一切有关生命思想的神秘而不可思议的鬼神邪说,一切的邪恶等等,都是莫比·迪克的显明化身”。它是亚哈心中邪恶与恐怖、难以征服而又必须予以摧毁的仇敌。但对以实玛利来说,白鲸既代表高洁安宁,也代表恐怖死亡,它是宇宙间一切对立矛盾的结合,象征宇宙的浩阔与奥秘、上帝的无边神力、人类的命运与前途,它给以实玛利的重要启迪不是简单的摧毁,而是努力完善认识、不懈地追求真理。
从社会政治的角度来看,白鲸象征着庞大的资本主义生产力。许多评论家认为这个尚不被人理解而又威力无穷的庞然巨鲸,实际上是作者对资本主义巨大发展的生产力迷惑不解而又惶恐不安的真实心理反映,也表达了作者对处在变动时代的人类命运的忧患意识。
亚哈船长同样是一个具有多重性格的矛盾体。他违犯了基督教关于“傲慢”的戒律,一切以“自我”为中心,背弃捕鲸获取鲸油的使命,执迷不悟于一己私仇,全然置船员的安危于不顾,在这个意义上,他就是一个不折不扣的暴君和邪恶魔王的象征。然而,就其敢于搏击邪恶、挑战命运、反抗神明而言,他又是人类反抗英雄的象征。另一方面,他又是一个坚毅执著探索宇宙奥秘的勇士,尽管具有顽强无畏和骁勇善战的勇气和能力,但终因无视大自然的内在规律,而徒劳地成为与宇宙力量抗争的牺牲品。可见,在亚哈身上同样体现了善恶并存、美丑相共、既是害人者又是受害者的多重意义,这一形象所蕴含的象征意义与白鲸一样也是复杂深邃、难以把握的。读者很难从中找到参考资料：
求一篇关于英语修辞学的论文，最好全英文。
我英语专业，专八已过，给你说下 转喻（metonymy)
Metonymy means a change of name, it’s somewhat like metophor but commonly lies in the word, it stresses relation, but metophor stresses likeness. In metonymy, the thing spoken of and the thing meant maybe wholely unlike, but the relation between them is such that the mention of one thing sugggests another. common types are container for the thing contained, symbol for the thing symbolize, instrument for the agent, cause and effect.
求过于symbolism 象征主义的介绍文章
The term “symbolism” is limited to use in contrast to “representationalism”; defining the general directions of a linear spectrum – where in all symbolic concepts can be viewed in relation, and where changes in context may imply systemic changes to individual and collective definitions of symbols. “Symbolism” may refer to a way of choosing representative symbols in line with abstract rather than literal properties, allowing for the broader interpretation of a carried meaning than more literal concept-representations allow. A religion can be described as a language of concepts related to human spirituality. Symbolism hence is an important aspect of most religions.
The interpretation of abstract symbols has had an important role in religion and psychoanalysis. As envisioned by Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung, symbols are not the creations of mind, but rather are distinct capacities within the mind to hold a distinct piece of information. In the mind, the symbol can find free association with any number of other symbols, can be organized in any number of ways, and can hold the connected meanings between symbols as symbols in themselves. Jung and Freud diverged on the issue of common cognitive symbol systems and whether they could exist only within the individual mind or among other minds; whether any cognitive symbolism was defined by innate symbolism or by the influence of the environment around them.
Symbolism, in generally, is one of the writing skills. Its goal is to convey elusive illusion and its content is mysticism. What’s the writer wants to expound isn’t the realistic objective world, but the individual subjective inward world. The word symbolism comes from the word Greek symbolon. The original meaning of the symbolism in Greek is “broke one board into two parts and take one part of each other, in order to indicate the authenticating object of connecting. And then it has evolved to be the delegate of the habit of taking a form as concept. Symbol is always in its way. It is a way of associating, i.e., connects the things saw in sight with the things felt before and then forms a fresh and peculiar artistic conception.
As a specific school of literary and artistic trend, symbolism appeared in French in 1880s at the very first and mainly in the creative realm of poetry. Stephane Mallarme (1842-1898), Paul Verlaine (1844-1896)，Arthur Rimbaud (1854-1891) are the representatives of the symbolist poet of French. In the drama field, the representative is Belgian dramatist Maurice Maeterlinck (1862-1949).
From 1890s, symbolism spread to British, Germany, Russian, Italy, Spanish, etc. and any other countries. And to the 1920s, it has become one of the most influenced schools of literary and artistic trend in the world. In content, symbolism is divided into generalized symbolism and narrow symbolism. In time, it is distinguished into early and late symbolism. The early symbolism refers to the thought after the failure of the Paris Commune, i.e. the thought that is popular in Europe in 1880s and 1890s. The late symbolism is the thought of 1920s. After the World WarⅠ, the symbolism rose sharply again and it overwhelm through Europe and American. It went to its top at that time. Someone range the late symbolism into the modernist school category. In 1886, French poet Jules Moorea (1856–1910) published the declaration of symbolism in Paris. At the same time, Mallarme wrote the foreword. Rene Jill published the Study on Language and Tone. These three theses established the theoretical principle of the symbolic poetry and also the important bibliography for the later generations to study symbolism.
The symbolist thought what the art of the literature try to convey is not the realistic life but the suppertime, hyperspace, hyperphysical, pretersensual world that the consciousness can’t achieve. They also thought that the reality is dark and variable, illusory and painful. Only the other world is true, kind and beautiful. It use confused and stupefied, half hidden scene to hint another world. And the symbol is the media to associate the two worlds. Like use the crow to present the fate and symbolize the dark of soul; use the rainbow to symbolize the bright. Dark symbolizes sorrow; white symbolizes pure; yellow symbolizes authority, etc. These symbolic meanings are the inherent features of things, words and phrases, and are well known by people. But under more situation, what it symbolize is not the inherent features of the things, words and phrases, but the features be given subjective by human self. Like rain symbolizes the God, grail symbolizes superhuman strength, etc. And the meaning is perplexing. A same thing, a same poetry always has different explanations.
As a creating aesthetics, symbolism has existed since ancient times. The symbolism, the romanticism and the realism, are the three basic writing aesthetics that possess archetypal meaning in literary history. It opposes superficial lyric and the blunt sermon; and it proposes to unit the sensibility and reason. It indicates the beauty and the unlimitedness of rational world, and conveys the author’s thoughts, complicated and subtle emotion and feelings circuitously through symbols, hints, images, metaphor, associate free and the musicality of the language.
