欧美诗歌史上浪漫主义的诗歌流派的代表人物和艺术特征是什么？
浪漫主义在艺术上的兴起，最早见于十八世纪的文学作品中，这些作品将一切个人的感情、趣味和才能表现得淋漓尽致。在音乐方面，浪漫主义作曲家强烈地表现山碧宽出自己的癖好，这与受形式支配的古典主义格格不入。古典主义音乐象线条一样鲜明；而浪漫主义音乐则偏重于色彩和感情，并含有许多主观、空想的因素。
然而，这只是原则上的区别，要想在不同的创作风格之间，譬如古典主义和浪漫主义之间，按照那些讲究条理的音乐史家的愿望划一道泾渭分明的界线，从来不是那么容易的。简单地下定义行不通，这些定义总是因为忽视了很多非常重要的因素而过于简单化。
例如，假使断言古典主义音乐是客观的，浪漫主义音乐是主观的，慧戚那么岂不是说海顿、莫扎特和贝多芬在某种程度上像电脑一样，从不创作反映自己个人感情的作品了？这显然是非常荒谬的。同样地，如果说浪漫主义作曲家“摆脱”了传统形式的原则，那么这实际上就是否定了他们在继续使用这些形式，甚至在未必可能的场合下使用古典形式。
例如威尔第就用赋格曲式结束他的喜歌剧《法尔斯塔夫》。另外逗亮还需明确古典主义和浪漫主义这两种风格曾经共存了一段时期，重要的浪漫主义歌剧作曲家、德国理想主义者韦伯就先贝多芬一年逝世，舒伯特的死也仅比贝多芬晚一年。可是，在这两种乐派之间实际上又存在着我们很容易把握的区别，这些区别大多是源于非音乐的原因。到浪漫主义时期，作曲家在社会上的地位已有根本的改变，他们已不再是一个城市、宫廷或教堂的雇员。
美
现实主义是文学艺术的基本创作方法之一，其实际运用时间相当早远，但直到19世纪50年代才由法国画家库尔贝和作家夏夫列里作为一个名称提出掌司右采音真凯来，恩格斯为“现实主义”下的定义是：除了细节的真实外，还要真实的再现典型环境中的典型人物。(1888年4月初致玛.哈克奈斯信来自) 在文学艺术创作中，现实主义是与浪漫主义并驾齐驱集举两大思潮，其注重事实或现实；不受理想主义、臆测或感伤主义影响的客观过程；客观地而不凭感情地去处理思想和行动，反对一切不切实际或空想的性格。 As a term of art in philosophy, realism refers to a thesis that general 格率跳报菜型配试properties, technically known as universals, have a mode of existenc亲兵留e or a form of re未吃征束我永是价纪预ality that is in a certain sense independent of the things that possess the减然商拉财坚m. Opposing theses, known as nomi问半行端交国正白给曾模nalism, and conceptualism, hold that universals are not real or do not properly exist, that only individuals and particulars exist, and that it is only the corresponding general concepts of thought or universal terms of language, serving as equivocal de360问答notations of many particular things, that decei基富除ve the mind into thinking so. Philos故较光念继岁阶又皮ophical realism is also referred to as Platonic realism or Scholastic r帮血ealism, depending on the nuances of the particular variant in mind. In some versions of realism, i头n stark contrast to everyday usag客心含房服什e, a distinction is drawn between existence and reality, based on the id调肥呼赵线帮ea that pot育度曲美批entials can be real but that only actuals can exist. In a separate context of discussion, realism is contrasted with both idealism and materialism, and is more contr害战面院子解oversially considered by others to be synonymous with the position in the philosoph全末持被例玉样随掉克y of mind known as dual胞氧职精质山棉距缩察找ism. In recent transmogrifications of the word, realism is contrasted with anti-realism and irrealism. Increasingly these last disputes, too, are rejected as misleading, and some philosophers prefer to call the kind of realism espoused there metaphysical realism and eschew the whole debate in favour of simple naturalism or natural realism, which is not so much a theory as the position that these debates are ill-conceived, if not incoherent, and that there is no more to deciding what is really real than simply taking our words at face value. Realism in philosophy can also refer to other forms of realism such as moral realism and scientik
