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象征主义产生了什么影响？

在诗歌、戏剧领域，象征主义认为现实世界是虚幻的、痛苦的，而内心的“另一个世界”是真的、美的、外界的事物与人的内心世界互相感应，诗歌的任务就是通过象征、暗示来连接两个世界，诱发读者的想象、联想，以领悟作者的思绪。

象征主义在诗歌语言上，通过对词语的特殊排列组合，形成扑朔迷离的艺术效果。其代表人物有法国的波德莱尔、魏尔兰、兰波、马拉梅等，以及比利时德梅特林科、德国的霍普特曼等。

扩展资料

出现于1886年。年轻诗人让·莫雷亚斯在《费加罗》报上发表了一篇文学宣言，主张用“象征主义者”来称呼当时的前卫诗人。这份宣言标志象征主义流派的诞生。

对象征主义的评价

事实上，在此之前，象征主义作为新的创作方法，早在浪漫主义盛行的时期已经萌芽。许多浪漫主义诗人在一定程度上运用了象征主义的埋枝手法：暗示多于解释，含蓄多于畅尽的发挥。象征主义的先驱波德莱尔和马拉梅、兰波、魏尔兰等象征主义名家就已经发表了大量的象征主义作品。

象征主义重新回到以抒写个人感情为重点的老路。但它抒写个人情怀和浪漫主义的抒情大异其趣。它抒写的是不可捉摸的内心隐秘；或者如马拉梅所说，表现隐藏在普通事物背后的“真理”。为此，象征主义对于诗的语言进行了很大的改造。

对于日常用的字和词加以特殊的、出人意外的安排和组合，使之发生新的含义。象征主义不满足于描绘事物的明确的线条和固定的轮廓，它所追求的艺术效果，并不是要使读者理解诗人究竟要说什么，而是要使读者似懂非懂，恍惚若有仔竖所悟；使读者体会到此中有深意。

象征主义不追求单纯弯戚敏的明朗，也不故意追求晦涩；它所追求的是半明半暗，明暗配合，扑朔迷离。象征主义诗歌十分强调音乐效果，可是诗句的音乐性不是单纯通过机械的协韵表现出来，而在于诗句内在的节奏和旋律。

散文诗的音乐感并不亚于格律诗，有时反而胜过格律诗，因此许多象征派诗人的散文诗都写得有特色。象征主义者反对现实主义和自然主义者如实地描写客观现实。他们认为现实的物质世界是虚幻而痛苦的，只有隐匿在背后的内在的世界才是真实的。

作品中运用大量的暗示和象征来隐喻表现人的内心世界。1886～1891年是英国象征主义诗歌的昌盛期。这一时期的代表作有马拉梅的《诗与散文》、拉弗格的《善意之花》和昂利德·雷尼耶的《插曲》等。象征主义的三位主将是马拉梅、魏尔伦和兰波。

《恶之花》的作者波德莱尔被认为是象征主义的先驱(鼻祖)。1891年，莫雷亚斯首先宣布脱离象征派，许多象征派诗人也纷纷向自己选择的方向发展，不再遵循共同的象征主义艺术标准，象征主义流派从此解体。但是，象征主义作为文学思潮和艺术风格，影响却非常深远。

评论家对霍桑(NathanielHawthorne)

Hawthorne Writing Style
Nathaniel Hawthorne was a prominent early American Author who contributed greatly to the evolution of modern American literatur360问答e. A New England native, Hawthorne was born in Salem, Massachusetts on July 4, 1804 and died on May 19, 1864 in New Hampshire. An avid seaman, Ha普充盟镇较定总wthorne's father 况死负特died in 1808 when Nathaniel Hawthorne was only a young child. After his father's death, Hawthorne showed a keen interest in his father's worldwide nautical adventure半何沙比阳室考法s and often read the logbooks his 植烧无层直象论务合同father had compiled from sailing abroad. Hawthorne was a descendan依告呼t of a long line 袁了紧族of New England Puritans, which sparked his interest in the Puritan way of life. After he graduated from Bowdoin 命检College in 18钢强介棉鱼值都投红药判25, Hawthor些著额精选即ne returned to his home in Sa仍lem were he began to write in semi-seclusion. Hawthorne published his first novel, Fans海进华艺孩决照江外hawe in 1828. In 1839, Hawthorne was appointed weigher an点d gauger at the Boston Custom House. He later married Sophi见神种呀态岁怀运特补端a Amelia Peabody in 1842. In the following years, Hawthorne wrote his more famous novels which shaped his own literary style, as well as the genres of the romance novel and short story. Eventually, Hawthorne developed a style 伯of romanc久伤地某e fiction representative of his own beliefs. Although Nathaniel 明个尽相演盾展Hawthorne's writing style was often viewed as outdated when compared to modern literature, Hawthorne conveyed modern themes of psychology and human nature through his crafty use of allegory and 露越粒标symbolism. To begin with, Hawthorne's style was commonplace for a writer of the nineteenth century. During the time period in which Hawthorne wrote, printing technology was not yet advanced enough to easily reproduce photographs in books. Therefore, Hawthorne frequently wrote lengthy visual descriptions since his audience had no other means to see the setting of the novel. (Magill:1 840). One example of such descriptions was in The Scarlet Letter when Hawthorne intricately describes the prison door and its surroundings. Another aspect of Hawthorne's writing which was exclusive to his time period was the use of formal dialogue which remained fairly consistent from character to character (Magill:2 140). Such overblown dialogue was evident in The Scarlet Letter when the dialogue of Pearl, a young child, exhibited no difference from the dialogue of the other characters in the novel. Hawthorne adopted the use of overly formal dialogue partly from a British writer, Sir Walter Scott, whose works were popular in the United States and Great Britain (Magill:1 841). Although Hawthorne's dialogue was overly formal, it was an accurate tool in describing human emotion (Gale). Absence of character confrontation was another component of Hawthorne's literary style. Hawthorne frequently focused more on a character's inner struggle or a central theme than on heated encounters between characters (Gale). One example of this style can be found in The Scarlet Letter since the novel was almost solely based on the commandment 'Thou shall not commit adultery' (Magill:1 846). Despite dated dialogue and dated writing style, Hawthorne implied various modern themes in his works. One of Hawthorne's recurring themes throughout his works was his own view on human nature. Hawthorne explored an interesting human psychology through his exploration of the dark side of human consciousness (Magill:1 841). In The Scarlet Letter, Hawthorne introduced 'a profound comment on the breakdown of human relationships in the society of the seventeenth century' (Harris 304). Hawthorne's theme that human nature is full of wickedness was also evident in 'Young Goodman Brown' when the title character encountered great difficulty in resisting temptation (Magill:3 1143). One outstanding aspect found in Hawthorne's writing was the concept of neutral territory. Hawthorne described this concept as 'a neutral territory, somewhere between the real world and fairy-land where the actual and imaginary may meet, and each imbue itself with the nature of the other' (Litz 145). The concept of neutral ground was most evident in the Custom House section of The Scarlet Letter and served as the area in which romance took place (Magill:1 1569). Hawthorne's modern themes were also modeled by Hawthorne's own religious beliefs. Although it was not the only reason Hawthorne wrote The Scarlet Letter, his Puritan background contributed greatly to his portrayal of a sinner in a strict Puritan community (Litz 157). Hawthorne also raised questions concerning the morality and necessity of Hester Prynne's exile in The Scarlet Letter. One reason for these inquires was Hawthorne's disbelief in heaven, hell, angels, or devils since modern science was undermining the Bible (Magill:2 847). Unlike the frankness commonly found in modern twentieth century literature, the nature of literature in the nineteenth century was more conservative. Therefore, Hawthorne implied more modern themes through the use of symbolism. One of Hawthorne's most obvious symbols in The Scarlet Letter was Pearl, the living product of the adulterous affair between Arthur Dimmesdale and Hester Prynne. Even though some of Hawthorne's symbols were fantastical, they represented an anachronistic moral standpoint of Hawthorne himself. (Gale) An example of this symbolism was Hester's moral sin of adultery symbolized by an overly ornate scarlet 'A' on Hester's breast. In fact, few authors who worked outside realism have been as concerned with morals as Hawthorne was. (Magill:2 1572). Hawthorne also employed allegory as a way of presenting themes. Hawthorne often achieved allegory by placing characters in a situation outside of the ordinary (Magill:2 1572). In The Scarlet Letter Hawthorne presented a highly complex variation on his usual theme of human isolation and the human community (Harris 304). Hester Prynne was a superb example of both these themes since she was isolated from a strict Puritan community. Possibly, Hawthorne's recurring theme of isolation stemmed from his own experience of seclusion (Gale). Hawthorne explored the themes of penance for sins and cowardliness when Arthur Dimmesdale struggled with himself to make his sin public. In conclusion, Hawthorne's literary style did indeed contain elements such as description and dialogue, which seemed out of place when compared to modern twentieth century literature. However, Hawthorne's style was typical of the literary style of the time. Nevertheless, Hawthorne addressed modern themes and expressed his own view on human nature and religion. In addition, Hawthorne's symbolism was an essential tool in addressing topics, which were too radical to be publicly addressed in the nineteenth century. Therefore, Hawthorne's symbolism an astute way to express his own beliefs. Hawthorne also achieved a unique form of allegory by placing characters in unusual situations. Hawthorne used various symbols to imply themes of adultery, sins, and human morality. All in all, Hawthorne deeply examined every facet of human nature and drew conclusions from the experiences of the characters in his work. WORKS CITED Hawthorne, Nathaniel. The Scarlet Letter.
Fitzgerald, Sheila ed. Short Story Criticism. vol.4.