从雪莱的
你的文献综述具体准备往哪个方向写，题目老师同意了没，具体有要求要求，需要多少字呢？
你可以告诉我具体的排版格式要满紧求，文献综述想写好，先要在花饭头酸差内轴湖丰七操图书馆找好相关资料，确定好题目与写作方向。老师同意后在下笔，还有什么不了解的可以直接问我，希望可以帮到你，祝写作过程顺利。
言又排须记志
综述是对来自某一方面的专题搜集
大量情报资料后经综合分析而写成的一种学术论文，它是科学文献的一种。
格式与写法
文献综述的格式与一般研究性论文的格式有所不同。这是因为研究性的论文注重研究的方法和结果，特别是阳性结果，而文献综述要求向读者介绍与主题有关的详细资料、动态、进展、展望以及对以360问答上方面的评述。因此文献综述的格式相对多样，但总的来说，一般都包含以下四部分：即前言、主题、总结和参考文献。撰写文献综述时可按这四部分拟写提纲，在根据提纲进行撰写把属工。
前言部分，主要是说明写作的目的，介绍有关的概念及定义以境九异讨远草普德包九及综述的范围，扼要说明有关主题的现状或争论焦点，使读者对全文要叙述的问题有一个初步的轮廓。
主题部分，是综述的主体，其写法多样，没有固定的格式。可按年代顺序正包蒸综述，也可按不同的问题进行综述，还可按不同的观点进行比较综述，不管用那一种格式综述，都要将所搜集到的文献林服资料归纳、整理及分析比较，阐明有关主题的历史背景、现状和发展方向，以及对这些问题的评述，主题部分应特别注意代表性强、具有科学性和创造性的文献引用和评述。
总结部分以输，与研究性论文的小茶兰请告集结有些类似，将全文主题进行扼要总结，对所综述的主题有研究的作者，最好能提出自己的见解。参考文献虽然放在文末，但却是文献综述的重要组成部分。因为它不仅表示对被引用文献作者的尊重及引用文献的依据，而且为读者深入探讨有关问题提供了文献查找线索。因此，应认真对待。参考文献的编排应条目清楚，查找方便，内容准确无误。关于参考文献的使川单由鱼巴呀用方法，录著项目及格式与研究论文相同，不再重复。
密后温响事阻
综述是对某一方面的专题搜集
大量情报资张须似料后经综合分析而写成的供门阻相院一种学术论文，它是科学文献的染治谁雷率赶点半话一种。
格式与写法
文献综述施传自要王计比扬端计的格式与一般研究性论文的格式有所不同。这是因为研究性的论文注重研究的方法和结果，特别是阳性结果，而文献综述要求向读者介绍与主题有关的详细资料、动态、进展、展望以及对以上方面的评述。因此文献综述的格式相对多样，但总的来说，一般都包含以下四部分：即前言、主题、总结和参考文献。撰写文献综早弱述时可按这四部分拟写提纲，在根据提纲进行撰写工。
务斗响前言部分，主要是说明写作的目的，介绍有关的概念及定义以及综述的范围，扼要说明有关主题的现状或争论焦点，使读者对全文要叙述的问题有一个初步的轮廓。
主题部分，是综述的主体，其写法多样，没有固定的格式。可按年代顺序综述，也可按不同的问题进行综述，还可按不同的观点进行比较综述，不管用那一种格式综述，都要将所搜集到的文献资料归纳、整理及分析比较，阐明有关主题的历史背景、现状和发展方向，以及对这些问题的评述，主题部分应特别注意代表性强、具有科学性和创造性的文献引用和评述。
总结部分，与研究性论文的小结有些类似，将全文主题进行扼要总结，对所综述的主题有研究的作者，最好能提出自己的见解。参考文献虽然放在文末，但却是文献综述的重要组成部分。因为它不仅表示对被引用文献作者的尊重及引用文献的依据，而且为读者深入探讨有关问题提供了文献查找线索。因此，应认真对待。参考文献的编排应条目清楚，查找方便，内容准确无误。关于参考文献的使用方法，录著项目及格式与研究论文相同，不再重复。
一、文献综述概述
文献综述是研究者在其提前阅读过某一主题的文献后，经过理解、整理、融会贯通，综合分析和评价而组成的一种不同于研究论文的文体。综述的目的是反映某一课题的新水平、新动态、新技术和新发现。从其历史到现状，存在问题以及发展趋势等，都要进行全面的介绍和评论。在此基础上提出自己的见解，预测技术的发展趋势，为选题和开题奠定良好的基础。
二、文献综述的格式
文献综述的格式与一般研究性论文的格式有所不同。这是因为研究性的论文注重研究的方法和结果，而文献综述介绍与主题有关的详细资料、动态、进展、展望以及对以上方面的评述。因此文献综述的格式相对多样，但总的来说，一般都包含以下四部分：即前言、主题、总结和参考文献。撰写文献综述时可按这四部分拟写提纲，再根据提纲进行撰写工作。
前言部分，主要是说明写作的目的，介绍有关的概念及定义以及综述的范围，扼要说明有关主题的现状或争论焦点，使读者对全文要叙述的问题有一个初步的轮廓。
主题部分，是综述的主体，其写法多样，没有固定的格式。可按年代顺序综述，也可按不同的问题进行综述，还可按不同的观点进行比较综述，不管用那一种格式综述，都要将所搜集到的文献资料归纳、整理及分析比较，阐明有关主题的历史背景、现状和发展方向，以及对这些问题的评述，主题部分应特别注意代表性强、具有科学性和创造性的文献引用和评述。
总结部分，与研究性论文的小结有些类似，将全文主题进行扼要总结，提出自己的见解并对进一步的发展方向做出预测。
三、文献综述规定
1. 为了使选题报告有较充分的依据，要求硕士研究生在论文开题之前作文献综述。
2. 在文献综述时，研究生应系统地查阅与自己的研究方向有关的国内外文献。通常阅读文献不少于30篇
3. 在文献综述中，研究生应说明自己研究方向的发展历史，前人的主要研究成果，存在的问题及发展趋势等。
4. 文献综述要条理清晰，文字通顺简练。
5. 资料运用恰当、合理。文献引用用方括号”[ ]”括起来置于引用词的右上角。
6. 文献综述中要有自己的观点和见解。鼓励研究生多发现问题、多提出问题、并指出分析、解决问题的可能途径。
英美文学｜浪漫主义时期
｜浪漫主义时期｜• 简介
英国浪漫主义时期一般被认为始于1798年，标志为华兹华斯与柯勒律治的《抒情歌谣集》的出版，终于1832年，标志为沃尔特•司各特的去世及议会的第一悔穗个改革提案的通过。
Gothic novel ,a type of romantic fiction that predominanted in the late eighteenth century, was one phase of the Romantic movement.Its principal elements are violence, horror,and the supernatural,which strongly appeal to the reader’s emotion.
哥特式小说是浪漫主义运动的一种形式 盛于浪漫主义前期18世纪末。
小说主要元素：暴力，恐怖，超自然力量的描写。
VIP :
1.William Blake
2.William Wordsworth
3.Percy Bysshe Shelley
4.Jane Austen
How is Romanticism different from Neoclassicism? Provide brief evidence from the literary works you know best.
1: Neoclassicists upheld that artistic ideals should be order,logic, restrained emotion and accuracy, and that literature should be judged in terms of its service to humanity, and thus, literary expression should be of proportion, unity, harmony and grace.
2: Romanticists tended to see the individual as the very center of all experience, including art, and thus, literary work should be “spontaneous overflow of strong feelings ”, and no matter how fragmentary those experiences were, the value of the work lied in the accuracy of presenting those unique feelings and particular attitudes.
3: In a word, Neoclassicism emphasizes rationality and form but Romanticism attached great importance to the individual’s mind.
威廉•布莱克 生于伦敦一个爱尔兰裔小商人家庭，一生中，他都身碧灶卜兼诗人与雕刻家两重角色，他的天才在他的有生之年是默默无闻的，只是在他去世后才被人挖掘出来并一举成名。
在文学上，布莱克是第一位重要的浪漫主义诗人，表现出对理性至上的轻视，对18世纪古典主义的叛逆以及对个人幻想的重视。
布莱克的代表作《天真之歌》表述了一个愉快而纯洁的世界，尽管这个世界也偶有苦难与罪恶。《经验之歌》则描绘了一个截然不同的世界，一个充满苦难、贫穷、疾病与战争的世界，笔调极为忧伤压抑。
《天真之歌》中不少诗篇都在《经验之歌》中有着姊妹辩高篇。比如“孩童之欣喜”与“孩童之忧愁”对应，纯洁的羔羊与燃烧的猛虎对应。两部诗集主题相似，笔调不同。
1.| Songs of Innocence & Songs of Experience |
【 Brief introduce 】
A. The Songs of Innocence is a lovely volume of poems, presenting a happy and innocent world, though not without its evils and sufferings.
B. His Songs of Experience paints a different world, a world of misery, poverty, disease, war and repression with a melancholy tone.
C. Childhood is the central to Blake's concern in the Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience.
2. | Tyger |
What does "symmetry" mean?
The well-proportioned body of the tiger.
What does "tyger" refer to?
There are different opinions about the tiger. Some say the tiger is made by God. Others say it is made by men. One more idea thinks that The Tyger is a poem about work, about artistic creation.
Please make a comment on William Blake's poetry.
A. His first collection of poems Poetical Sketches is one of youthful verse with joy, laughter, love and harmony as its prevailing notes.
B. The second volume of his Songs of Innocence presents a happy and innocent world.
C. The third — Songs of Experience paints a different world, a world of misery, poverty, disease, war and repression with a melancholy tone.
The last two hold the similar subject-matter, but their tone, emphasis and conclusion differ. Childhood remains central to the poet's concern in the two, with a number of poems from them can be pairs.
For example, the two poems both entitled "Chimney Sweeper" are such pairs, for the one in the Songs of Innocence indicates the conditions of the exploitation of child labor, which make religion a consolation, but the one in the Songs of Experience reveals the true nature of religion which helps bring misery to the poor children.
D. The maturity of Blake's poetry is shown in his poem Marriage of Heaven and Hell in which the relationship of the contraries is explored, for in the poet's eyes, "without contraries, there is no progression."
What does the poem "The Chimney Sweeper (from Songs of Experience)" reveal?
The two “Chimney Sweeper”poems are good examples to reveal the relation between an economic circumstance, i.e.the exploitation of child labor, and ideological circumstance. i.e.the role played by religion in making people compliant to exploitation.In the Songs of Experience reveals the true nature of religion which helps bring misery to the poor children.
威廉•华兹华斯
• 1797年，结识了科勒律治，两人成为知心密友，合作完成了《抒情歌谣集》。
• 诗人骚塞、科勒律治、和华兹华斯三人一并成为“湖畔诗人”。
• 1842年，华兹华斯荣获政府津贴，次年他压倒骚塞成为“桂冠诗人”（Poet Laureate）
• 华兹华斯被称为“大自然的膜拜者”。
• 华兹华斯是一个怀旧的诗人，对他来说，生命犹如轮回的旅程，生命之始也是生命之终。他的这种人生哲学体现在他的代表作《序曲》中。
• 华兹华斯追求简洁朴素的风格，厌恶粉饰真实。他强调诗歌创作最要紧的是把握素材的真实来源，即“在静谧中找回情感”。他的创作理论核心是普通人的生活经历。
• 华兹华斯是英国诗歌史上的巨星，是浪漫主义时期的杰出代表，他号召人们用清新、自然、关心的目光去看待周围的事物，开创了运用百姓生活语言写诗的新道路，并号召人们回归自然。
作家作品：
The Prelude
Composed upon Westminster Brige
Lyrical Ballads
I Wondered Lonely as a Cloud
The Solitary Reaper
1. | I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud |
This poem typically depicts the author's respect for nature. / His love for the daffodils.
2. | Composed upon Westminster Brige |
3. | She Dwelt Among the Untrodden Ways |
《独自幽居》By comparing a country girl (Lucy) to a violet, the poet intends to show her quality of beauty and her virtue which are often neglected by the common people just like a wild flower blooming by an untrodden road.
4. | The Solitary Reaper |
《孤独的收割者》It tells us, to Romanticists, poetry is an expression of an individual's feelings and experience no matter how fragmentary and momentary these feelings and experiences are. (无论他们的情感是微不足道的还是伟大的)
| Questions |
Please discuss the significance of William Wordsworth's poetry in the history of English literature.
A. First of all, Wordsworth's theory, as stated in his "preface" to the second edition of the Lyrical Ballads, serves as a manifesto of Romanticism. The poet takes the direct experience of the senses as the source of poetic truth as poetry comes from the "emotion recollected in tranquillity". The significance of the "Preface" also presents itself in the poet's advocation of the writing of the common people in ordinary language.
B. Secondly, his practice is what his theory implies, for the joys and sorrows of the common people are his themes, in many of his poems such as the "Lucy poems".
C. Thirdly, natural scenery with its beauty and mystery acts also as one of his favorite themes and the sympathy out of the poet's nature towards the poor in rural places becomes part of his concern.
D. Finally, the seemingly simplicity of the poet both in diction and description is immersed in a profound and sympathetic longing for a better world. So the most important contribution he has made is that he has not only started the modern poetry, the poetry of his growing inner self, but also changed the course of English poetry by using ordinary speech of the language and by advocating a return to nature.
雪莱 出生于一个富有家庭，父亲是个保守的乡绅，母亲貌美。
• 雪莱对自由的渴望及对暴政的憎恶都体现在诗作中，如《自由颂》《那不勒斯颂》等。
• 雪莱最著名的政治抒情诗是《致英格兰人民》，诗中号召工人，农民起来斗争，在宪章运动时期成为英国共产党的战歌。
• 雪莱最著名的抒情诗当属《西风颂》。瑟瑟寒风熄灭了一年的生机，却孕育着新春的希望，诗人希望自己也化作这西风，把他对未来的预言传遍人间。
• 雪莱最有造诣的作品是他的四幕诗剧《被解放的普罗米修斯》。
• 雪莱的诗歌语言清新别致，文化底蕴深厚，含有丰富的典故，并多用拟人和隐喻，将我们看到的事物完全生动地描绘出来。
作家作品：
To a Skylark
Men of England
Ode to the West Wind
| Men of England |
《致英格兰人民》It is not only a war cry calling upon all working people to rise up against their political oppressors, but an address to them pointing out the intolerable injustice of economic exploitation.
* "drones" refers to the parasitic class in human society.
* "bees of England" refers to the laboring people in England.
| Ode to the West Wind | (theme)
The poem expresses his eagerness to enjoy the boundless freedom from the reality.
【 奥斯汀一生完成六部作品，她的处女作《理智与情感》讲述了一对姐妹的恋爱经历》；《傲慢与偏见》是她最著名的作品。在写作风格上，她倡导新古典主义，坚持理性、秩序、典雅的原则。奥斯汀的创作主题总与个人的生活及人际关系有关，正因如此，她的作品具有普遍的意义。】
| Pride and Prejudice | (Theme)
A. It was oringinally drafted as "First Impressions" in 1796, is the most delightful of Jane Austen's works. The title tells of a major concern of the novel: pride and prejudice.
| Questions |
What are Austen's writing features?
Jane Austen is one of the realistic novelists. Austen's work has a very narrow literary field. Her novels show a wealth of humor, wit and delicate satire.
Based on her writings discuss Jane Austen's greatest contribution to English literature.
A. Jane Austen is one of the most important Romantic novelists in English literature. She creates six influential novels.
B. Her main literary concern is about human beings in their personal relationships. She makes trivial daily life as important as the concerns about human belief, career and salient social event. This is what makes her important in English literature.
C. Jane Austen has brought the English novel, as an art of form, to its maturity because of her sensitivity to universal patterns of human behavior and her accurate portrayal of human individuals.
D. She describe the world from a woman's point of view, and depicts a group of authentic and common women.
Make comments on Austen's attitude towards the three kinds of motivations of marriage the middle class people had in the second of the 18th century. (with specific examples from Pride and Prejudice )
A. Motivation one: to pursue material interest through marriage;
B. Motivation two: to seek sensual pleasure and beauty; Lydia and Mr,Bennet are examples of this kind.
C. Motivation three: to search for true love and also take personal merits and financial position into consideration; Elizabeth Bennet is a typical example of this kind.
Austen celebrated the third kind of motivation of marriage while criticizing the first two wrong motivations.
……
带思维导图版笔记在这里: 英美文学笔记
