请问《红字》的主题思想是什么以及其象征手法？
1、《红字》的主题思想
《红字》以两百多年前的殖民地时代的美洲为题材，但揭露的却是19世纪资本主义发展时代美利坚合众国社会典法的残酷、宗教的欺骗和道德的虚伪。主人公海丝特被写成了崇高道德的化身。她不但感化了表里不一的丁梅斯代尔，同时也在感化着充满罪恶的社会。
至于她的丈夫奇林渥斯，小说则把他写成了一个一心只想窥秘复仇的影子式的人物。他在小说中只起情节铺垫的作用。
2、《红字》象征手法
《红字》用略带神秘色彩的自然景象烘托环境、渣染气氛和映衬人物心理的手法俯拾皆是，最突出的便是丁梅斯代尔牧师和海丝特及珠儿在夜晚和密林中的两次会见：由红字连系在一起的几个主要人物的同时出场，如同戏剧中迭起的高潮，把全书紧织在一个严密的结构之中。
作者还把这种手法用于刻画人物液他的笔下次要人物的是非善恶和他们之间的思恩怨怨写得十分含蓄，而几个主要人物则通过个别的心理挖掘、成双的组合的冲突和同时出场亮相的交汇，交待出各人与红字相关的象征。
《红字》是美国浪漫主义作家霍桑创作的长篇小说。
扩展资料：
《红余埋字》创作背景
霍桑的先祖威廉·霍桑1630年来到美洲大陆，曾经担任过马萨诸塞殖民地的官员，当众驱逐鞭打过一位教友派的妇女，而霍桑的曾曾祖父约翰侍绝·霍桑则是臭名昭著的1692年塞莱姆女巫审判中的三位法官之一，根据他的裁决，数名女巫被送上了绞架。
霍桑创作《红字》的目的之一就是希望通过写作，“替他们（祖先）蒙受耻辱，并祈求从今以后洗刷掉他们招致的任何诅咒。”
在霍桑撰写《红字》的同时，第一次妇女大会正好在纽约召开（1848）。在这次大会上，女权主义者们提出了女性和男性拥有平等财产权的问题，指出女性“一旦结婚，在法律的角度看如同死亡。他（丈夫）拿走了她所有的财产权，甚至是她所赚取的工资。”
女权主义者们提出女性应该和男性一老毁姿样平等地工作，以便从经济的角度摆脱对男性的依附。
事实上，在父权社会中，男性拒绝给予女性平等的经济权利，不仅仅是因为他们想要占有全部的财富，拒绝让女性来分一杯羹，更因为男性们早已意识到，女性在获得经济独立的同时，将不再满足雌伏于男性的羽翼之下，会努力寻求独立的思想和更为广阔的天地。
评论家对霍
Hawthorne Writing Style
Nathaniel Hawthorne was 剧收取把角a prominent early 强六置仅掉啊压American Author who contributed greatly to the evolution of m谈孙营odern American literature. A New England native, Hawthorne was born in Salem, Massachusetts on Jul往查生银伟y 4, 1804 and died on May 19, 1864 in New Hampshire. An avid seaman, Hawthorne's father died in 1808 when Nathaniel Hawthorne was only a young child. After his father's death, Hawthorne showed a keen interest in his father's worldw调笑额介曾宪往妈ide nautical adventures and o小留ften read the logbooks his father had compile批困促正西体乡d from sailing abroad. Hawthorne was a des由害课减握顾存置亮cendant of a long 状等北米古云什模坏的耐line of New England Puritans, which spark顶密苏千信席氧机局ed his interest in the P孩远扩掉甚文花uritan way o零破有是星边脸置把f life. After h围画型亚磁北正专身新e graduated f染称承卷象拿给角rom Bowdoin College in 1825, Hawthorne returned to his home in Salem were he began to write in semi-secl才灯满三usion. Hawthorne published his first novel, Fanshawe in 1828. In 1839, Hawthorne was appointed weigher and ga官季兴鲜理几质杀希uger at the 础右低率Boston Custom House. He later married Sop克学hia Amelia Peabody in 1842. In the following years, Hawthorne wrote his more famous novels which shaped his own literary style, as well as the genres of the romance novel and short story. Eventually, Hawthorne developed a style of romance fiction representative of his own beliefs. Although Nathaniel Hawthorne's writing style was often viewed as outdated when compared to modern literature, Hawthorne conveyed modern themes of psychology and human nature through his crafty use of allegory and symbolism. To begin with, Hawthorne's style was commonplace for a writer of the nineteenth century. During the time period in which Hawthorne wrote, printing technology was not yet advanced enough to easily reproduce photographs in books. Therefore, Hawthorne frequently wrote lengthy visual descriptions since his audience had no other means to see the setting of the novel. (Magill:1 840). One example of such descriptions was in The Scarlet Letter when Hawthorne intricately describes the prison door and its surroundings. Another aspect of Hawthorne's writing which was exclusive to his time period was the use of formal dialogue which remained fairly consistent from character to character (Magill:2 140). Such overblown dialogue was evident in The Scarlet Letter when the dialogue of Pearl, a young child, exhibited no difference from the dialogue of the other characters in the novel. Hawthorne adopted the use of overly formal dialogue partly from a British writer, Sir Walter Scott, whose works were popular in the United States and Great Britain (Magill:1 841). Although Hawthorne's dialogue was overly formal, it was an accurate tool in describing human emotion (Gale). Absence of character confrontation was another component of Hawthorne's literary style. Hawthorne frequently focused more on a character's inner struggle or a central theme than on heated encounters between characters (Gale). One example of this style can be found in The Scarlet Letter since the novel was almost solely based on the commandment 'Thou shall not commit adultery' (Magill:1 846). Despite dated dialogue and dated writing style, Hawthorne implied various modern themes in his works. One of Hawthorne's recurring themes throughout his works was his own view on human nature. Hawthorne explored an interesting human psychology through his exploration of the dark side of human consciousness (Magill:1 841). In The Scarlet Letter, Hawthorne introduced 'a profound comment on the breakdown of human relationships in the society of the seventeenth century' (Harris 304). Hawthorne's theme that human nature is full of wickedness was also evident in 'Young Goodman Brown' when the title character encountered great difficulty in resisting temptation (Magill:3 1143). One outstanding aspect found in Hawthorne's writing was the concept of neutral territory. Hawthorne described this concept as 'a neutral territory, somewhere between the real world and fairy-land where the actual and imaginary may meet, and each imbue itself with the nature of the other' (Litz 145). The concept of neutral ground was most evident in the Custom House section of The Scarlet Letter and served as the area in which romance took place (Magill:1 1569). Hawthorne's modern themes were also modeled by Hawthorne's own religious beliefs. Although it was not the only reason Hawthorne wrote The Scarlet Letter, his Puritan background contributed greatly to his portrayal of a sinner in a strict Puritan community (Litz 157). Hawthorne also raised questions concerning the morality and necessity of Hester Prynne's exile in The Scarlet Letter. One reason for these inquires was Hawthorne's disbelief in heaven, hell, angels, or devils since modern science was undermining the Bible (Magill:2 847). Unlike the frankness commonly found in modern twentieth century literature, the nature of literature in the nineteenth century was more conservative. Therefore, Hawthorne implied more modern themes through the use of symbolism. One of Hawthorne's most obvious symbols in The Scarlet Letter was Pearl, the living product of the adulterous affair between Arthur Dimmesdale and Hester Prynne. Even though some of Hawthorne's symbols were fantastical, they represented an anachronistic moral standpoint of Hawthorne himself. (Gale) An example of this symbolism was Hester's moral sin of adultery symbolized by an overly ornate scarlet 'A' on Hester's breast. In fact, few authors who worked outside realism have been as concerned with morals as Hawthorne was. (Magill:2 1572). Hawthorne also employed allegory as a way of presenting themes. Hawthorne often achieved allegory by placing characters in a situation outside of the ordinary (Magill:2 1572). In The Scarlet Letter Hawthorne presented a highly complex variation on his usual theme of human isolation and the human community (Harris 304). Hester Prynne was a superb example of both these themes since she was isolated from a strict Puritan community. Possibly, Hawthorne's recurring theme of isolation stemmed from his own experience of seclusion (Gale). Hawthorne explored the themes of penance for sins and cowardliness when Arthur Dimmesdale struggled with himself to make his sin public. In conclusion, Hawthorne's literary style did indeed contain elements such as description and dialogue, which seemed out of place when compared to modern twentieth century literature. However, Hawthorne's style was typical of the literary style of the time. Nevertheless, Hawthorne addressed modern themes and expressed his own view on human nature and religion. In addition, Hawthorne's symbolism was an essential tool in addressing topics, which were too radical to be publicly addressed in the nineteenth century. Therefore, Hawthorne's symbolism an astute way to express his own beliefs. Hawthorne also achieved a unique form of allegory by placing characters in unusual situations. Hawthorne used various symbols to imply themes of adultery, sins, and human morality. All in all, Hawthorne deeply examined every facet of human nature and drew conclusions from the experiences of the characters in his work. WORKS CITED Hawthorne, Nathaniel. The Scarlet Letter.
Fitzgerald, Sheila ed. Short Story Criticism. vol.4.
Detroit: Gale Research Company, 1989.
Gale ed. DISCovering Authors. Detroit: Gale Research Company , 1996.
Harris, Laurie Lanzen. Nineteenth Century Literature Criticism. vol. 54. Detroit: Gale Research Company, 1985.
Litz, Waltona ed. American Writers. New York: Charles Scriner's Sons, 1998.
