求托福独立写作部分的万能例子
1.创新
Marcel Duchamp
先是 马塞尔 杜尚，这是现代艺术史中的传奇人物360问答，创意百出，信马由缰，最出名的乱搞是在摊上买了一个尿池，命严名为《泉》，拿到艺术馆展出。杜尚家底十分殷实，是少有的走在时代尖端而不用忍受贫穷静再西何标发法简内的艺术家。他涉及的艺术领域极其广泛，可以看作近代艺术里的达芬奇。
他的例子几乎可以用到所青房强九察凯有跟艺术相关的题目，其他类的部分题目也可以用(比如创新，outsider什么的—用来做补充：不需要是外来者，只要保持观念开放依然可以成就breakingthrough的achievement)
背景：French-born American ar实穿衣tist (though he always denied being “an artis结利t”)
His works had a major impact to the direction of 20 century art. All his life, he changed the form of art as well as himself. He introduced the European movement Cubism(立体主义) and dada(达达主义) to United States, and 海轮慢进高was influential in surrealist(超现实主义，很有名的达利就是搞这个的) movement.
此外他还和installation art(装置艺术), concept art(概念艺术)这些现在很火的艺术形式有关
泉的例子：Fountain, an ordinary, mass-produced urinal that ha沿否家s been transformed into a work of art simply by being exhi重示垂势bited in a gallery and receivin一金假答g a new title.
他说巴背历值过一句话，Art may be bad, good or indifferent, but, whatever adj脚希只个望ective is used, we must call it art, and bad art is still art in the same w时审国湖ay as a bad emotion is sti氢ll an emotion.
可以用来扩展解释他思想的开放，同时把art和形容词换掉也是很好的 辨证类型的 些标自妒川光林GRE句子
2.现实对艺术的积衡绍爱福影响
Dada
前面说到的达达主义。因为跟社倍直执联会、战争联系很紧密，所以拿出来讲：
DADA是一战以后欧洲的诗人画家搞的，因为战争的残酷让他们意识到之前的那些形而上的出世的艺术很没意义，有一部分就开始搞更没有意义的DADA(汗~~~事实就是这样Di)
The slaughter of World War I affec她意玉师模弱使ted artists in different w系必她副却调求尼ays. Some felt, as Mondrian did, that human betterment lay in the creation of an impersonal, mechanistic way of life. Still others concluded that the very idea of human betterment was a pointless illusion. For this group, the main lesson of the war, if anything, was the bankruptcy of reason, politics, technology, and even art itself. On this premise, several artists and poets founded a movement whose name, dada, was purposely meaningless, and whose members ridiculed anything having to do with culture, politics, or aesthetics
再补充一个现实跟艺术相连的，名气大一点，老朋友Picasso，不过是以作品为突破口，应该不会那么多雷同
Guernica(就是一副长的、上面都是牛头马面的画，Guernica是西班牙北部的小镇，德国人把那炸了，毕加索听到后悲愤丛生，就画了它)
《Guernica》 The painting’s color scheme proved effective for conveying the cruel reality
Spanish painter Picasso created the masterpiece when he heard of the bombing of Guernica during Spanish Civil War
3.另一些悲惨的艺术家
伦勃朗Rembrandt, 维梅尔Vermeer (荷兰黄金时期的两个大师，手法创新，在光影表现上都有独到之处。都不受同时代人重视，很符合大家心目中艺术家的Stereotype，可以用来替换梵高、毕加索这类妇孺皆知的大佬)
Rembrandt(艺术成就上比Vermeer高点)
Rembrandt, Dutch baroque artist, who ranks as one of the greatest painters in the history of Western art. His work made an enormous impact on his contemporaries and influenced the style of many later artists. Perhaps no painter has ever equaled Rembrandt's chiaroscuro effects or his bold impasto.
Vermeer(不知道大家看过《戴珍珠耳环的女孩》girl with a pearl earring吗，就是说他的，不过故事是假的，Vermeer的日子可能比电影里更惨)
Jan Vermeer reputed the greatest painter besides Rembrandt in Dutch Golden Age, had a marvelous ability in expressing lights and shadow, but he died young left his family no legacy but deep debt. During his lifetime, he had not sold one piece of his paintings. After his death Vermeer did not receive attention until the late 19th century. His reputation steadily increased thereafter, and today he is considered one of the greatest Dutch painters.
4.跨专业的牛人
跨专业领域,outsider achievement的文章很适用
艺术》数学
M.C. Escher (艾舍尔，就是画图形渐变、现实中不存在的空间的画的人，很牛，也很神经质，他只上过中学，作品却很受数学家推崇。)
Dutch M.C Escher leaps from art to mathematics. Escher had no formal mathematical training beyond secondary school, but his fantastic print works, such as Escher Limit Cycle and Day and Night, are most greatly admired by mathematicians, who recognized his work an extraordinary visualization of mathematics principles, and considered him a part of them.
数学》艺术
分性艺术创始人，IBM研究院搞数学、物理的，结果创造出了新的艺术形式，分形艺术。
Benoit Mandelbort was a scientist at IBM Watson Research Center. On his retirement from IBM, he joined the Yale Department of Mathematics. By now, you can tell any connections between him and art. Nonetheless, he has created a new geometry of nature called fractal that is centered in physics and mathematics, and being reputed as a innovative form of art. The explanation is that artist and scientist are expressing in distinct methods but journeying the same destination, such as balance, harmony, symmetry, and the like.
5.现代与创新的结合
就是大家都很了解的设计中银大厦，卢浮宫金字塔的老贝，这里引用的是卢浮宫的例子。
Louvre, national art museum of France.
Chinese-born American architect I. M. Pei designed this controversial glass pyramid (completed in 1989) at the entrance to the Louvre, a museum in Paris, France. Noted for his unique arrangements of geometric shapes, Pei also earned a reputation for his creative use of space, surfaces, and materials. One of the foremost architects of the 20th century, Pei has designed important public and corporate buildings throughout the world and has worked with urban renewal.
马塞尔·杜尚的人物荣誉
1.亨利·罗贝尔·马塞尔·杜尚（Henri-Robert-MarcelDuchamp），台译马塞尔·杜尚，法国艺术家，对第二次世界大战前的西方艺术有着重要的影响，达达主义及超现实主义的代表人物之一。出生于1887年7月28日，1955年成为美国公民，死于1968年10日。 2.1911年,他的天才闪出了火花(《小妹妹》).他进一步加强了形的分解,在1912年,终于有一些决定性的作品问世,其中最著名的是《正在下楼的裸体》
3.1913年,这幅作品参加了纽约的兵营画展,很滑基快就使马塞尔·杜尚一举成名。它被保守派看作是亵渎神灵一般的可憎,而期望某种新事物的人们则把它视为隧道尽头的光明。对于一般纽约人来说,马塞尔·杜尚,还有萨拉·伯恩哈特和拿破仑,是三个最有代表性的法国人。一位评论家将这幅作品描绘为瓦窑里的一次爆炸。实际上,这是一组几信轿谨乎连在一起的五个人体草图,他们正在带着显而易见的准确性,有节奏地从旋转楼梯上下来。杜尚因此收到了些订画要求,而他的回答却是:不,谢谢,我更喜欢自由。他以两美元一小时的价格(通常价)给一些纽约画家,甚至随便什么人教授他所精通的法文帆尺,来挣得每日的面包和啤酒。这时,他结识了弗朗西斯·毕卡比亚.在一段时间里,他们形影不离。各自从对方身上汲取长久不息的火花,乐趣和好胜心。他们俩人是达达精神和达达运动的领袖。
4.从1915年到1923年,杜尚从容不迫地完成了一幅高三米的代表作,这是第一幅在透明玻璃板上组合的作品,用坚固涂料把上了颜色的锡片固定的玻璃板上。因为一切油画背后都有灰尘,他这样说道。《被光棍们剥光衣服的新娘》就是这种作品，是一部爱情欲望的神秘机械史诗。订了婚的新娘子和她的天线挂在空中，正在与一组她的光棍们联系，这组红颜色的站立者共有穿制服或着仆人装的九个人:教士、龙骑兵、宪兵、警察、捕鲈鱼的人、大商店的送货员、装殓和埋葬尸体的人、仆人、车站站长。他们在接受新娘的流体，这一流体遥控着一出星际性节奏一机械芭蕾,主题是一个莫明其妙者从另一星球所看到的人类爱情。这就是安德烈。布雷东给予的最佳说明.但逐渐地,面对这幅晦涩难懂的具体、辉煌之作。笼罩着马塞尔·杜尚的世界性荣誉变得模糊起来，而他自己却并没有注意到这一点。他不打算画画，而是突然对象棋着了迷，他的信条是永不重复。在所有的大师中，他是唯一一位在盛年突然停止作画的。
5.他还是现成品之父,其中最著名的例子是《瓶式大干燥器》、他署名穆特,参加1916年纽约独立派画展的《小便池》、以及被他加上了两撇优雅的小胡子的《乔空达L.H.O.O.Q》(1919年).他密切参与了超现实主义运动,巴黎绝妙的1938年展览会那煤口袋式的屋顶、《雨室》、以及1947年展豪华目录封面上的《软橡皮的红乳房,请摸》都是他的作品。
6.二十世纪初期实验艺术的先驱，被誉为“现代艺术的守护神”，纽约达达主义团体的核心人物，尤其是第二次世界大战之后的西方艺术，主要是沿着杜尚的思想轨迹进行的。因此，了解杜尚是了解西方现代艺术的关键在西方学术上的探究和发掘。
