艺术行业常用的英语词汇
艺术行业常用的英语词汇
导语：艺术活动中能引起人的.思想或情感活动的生动、具体、可感的人物和事物形象。下面是我收集整理的艺术行业常用的英语词汇，欢迎参考!
work 作品
work of art 艺术作品
masterpiece 杰作
plastic arts 造型艺术
graphic arts 形象艺术
Fine Arts 美术
art gallery 画廊，美术馆
salon 沙龙
exhibition 展览
collection 收藏
author 作者
style 风格
inspiration 灵感，启发
muse 灵感
purism 修辞癖
conceptism 格言派，警名派
Byzantine 拜占庭式
Romanesaue 罗马式
Gothic 哥特式
Baroque 巴洛克式
Rococo 洛可可式
classicism 古典主义，古典风格
neoclassicism 新古典主义
romanticism 浪漫主义
realism 现实主义
symbolism 象征主义
impressionism 印象主义
Art Nouveau 新艺术主义
expressionism 表现主义
Fauvism 野兽派
abstract art 抽象派，抽象主义
Cubism 立体派，立体主义
Dadaism 达达主义
surrealism 超现实主义
naturalism 自哗判然主义
existentialism 存在主义
futurism 未来主义
乱孙改Bauhaus:包豪斯建筑风格
abstract expressionism:抽象表现派，抽象表现主义
action painting:动作画派
Avant-garde:先锋派
collage:拼贴艺术
hyperrealism:高度写实主义
pop art:波普艺术
watercolor:水凯瞎彩颜料;水彩画
video art:视频艺术
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Hawthorne Writing Style
Nathaniel Hawthorne was a prominent early American Author who contributed greatly to the evolution of modern American lite360问答rature. A New England native, Hawthorne was born in Salem, Massachusetts on July 4, 1804 and 剧学罪黄亮外星更制died on May 19, 1864 in New Hampshir应棉细初陈讨述斤又伯德e. An avid s富林觉跑来eaman, Haw争企数映伯该thorne's father died in 1808 when Natha元列功层至水灯盟niel Hawthorne was only a young child. After his father's death, Hawthorne showed a keen interest in his father's worldwide nautical adventures and often read the logbooks his father had compiled from sailing abroad. Hawthorne was a descendant of a lo精乡带还被座的规八ng line of New England Puritans, which sparked his interest in the Puritan way of life. After he graduated from Bowdoin College in 1825, Hawth居急劳刻止百殖场投orne returne多其未呢斤星审听标d to his home in Salem were he began to write in semi-seclusion. Hawthorne published his first novel, Fanshawe in 1828. In 1839, Hawthorne was appointed 取啊领色weigher and gauger at the Boston Custom House. He later married Sophia Amelia Peabody in 1842. In the following 老伯木或years, Hawthorne wrote his more famous novels which shaped his own literary style, as well as the genres of the roman丰营皮粮河振卷留只油ce novel and short story. Eventually, Hawthorne developed a style of romance fiction representative of h自剂娘宣晶资月is own beliefs. Although Nathaniel Hawthorne's writing style was often viewed as outdated when compared to modern literature, Hawthorne conveyed modern themes 你元给坚研苏针约of psychology an空宪省帝件富烧输d human nature through his crafty use of allegory and symbol良做由心宽被乙伯娘ism. To beg序造局我衡in with, Hawthorne's style was commonplace for a writer of the nineteenth century. During the tim以双审粮娘艺把阻吗去e period in which Hawthorne wrote, printing technology was not yet advanced enough to easily reproduce photographs in 坏于表books. Therefore, Hawthorne frequently wrote lengthy visual descriptions since his audience had no other means to see the setting of the novel. (Magill:1 840). One example of such descriptions was in The Scarlet Letter when Hawthorne intricately describes the prison door and its surroundings. Another aspect of Hawthorne's writing which was exclusive to his time period was the use of formal dialogue which remained fairly consistent from character to character (Magill:2 140). Such overblown dialogue was evident in The Scarlet Letter when the dialogue of Pearl, a young child, exhibited no difference from the dialogue of the other characters in the novel. Hawthorne adopted the use of overly formal dialogue partly from a British writer, Sir Walter Scott, whose works were popular in the United States and Great Britain (Magill:1 841). Although Hawthorne's dialogue was overly formal, it was an accurate tool in describing human emotion (Gale). Absence of character confrontation was another component of Hawthorne's literary style. Hawthorne frequently focused more on a character's inner struggle or a central theme than on heated encounters between characters (Gale). One example of this style can be found in The Scarlet Letter since the novel was almost solely based on the commandment 'Thou shall not commit adultery' (Magill:1 846). Despite dated dialogue and dated writing style, Hawthorne implied various modern themes in his works. One of Hawthorne's recurring themes throughout his works was his own view on human nature. Hawthorne explored an interesting human psychology through his exploration of the dark side of human consciousness (Magill:1 841). In The Scarlet Letter, Hawthorne introduced 'a profound comment on the breakdown of human relationships in the society of the seventeenth century' (Harris 304). Hawthorne's theme that human nature is full of wickedness was also evident in 'Young Goodman Brown' when the title character encountered great difficulty in resisting temptation (Magill:3 1143). One outstanding aspect found in Hawthorne's writing was the concept of neutral territory. Hawthorne described this concept as 'a neutral territory, somewhere between the real world and fairy-land where the actual and imaginary may meet, and each imbue itself with the nature of the other' (Litz 145). The concept of neutral ground was most evident in the Custom House section of The Scarlet Letter and served as the area in which romance took place (Magill:1 1569). Hawthorne's modern themes were also modeled by Hawthorne's own religious beliefs. Although it was not the only reason Hawthorne wrote The Scarlet Letter, his Puritan background contributed greatly to his portrayal of a sinner in a strict Puritan community (Litz 157). Hawthorne also raised questions concerning the morality and necessity of Hester Prynne's exile in The Scarlet Letter. One reason for these inquires was Hawthorne's disbelief in heaven, hell, angels, or devils since modern science was undermining the Bible (Magill:2 847). Unlike the frankness commonly found in modern twentieth century literature, the nature of literature in the nineteenth century was more conservative. Therefore, Hawthorne implied more modern themes through the use of symbolism. One of Hawthorne's most obvious symbols in The Scarlet Letter was Pearl, the living product of the adulterous affair between Arthur Dimmesdale and Hester Prynne. Even though some of Hawthorne's symbols were fantastical, they represented an anachronistic moral standpoint of Hawthorne himself. (Gale) An example of this symbolism was Hester's moral sin of adultery symbolized by an overly ornate scarlet 'A' on Hester's breast. In fact, few authors who worked outside realism have been as concerned with morals as Hawthorne was. (Magill:2 1572). Hawthorne also employed allegory as a way of presenting themes. Hawthorne often achieved allegory by placing characters in a situation outside of the ordinary (Magill:2 1572). In The Scarlet Letter Hawthorne presented a highly complex variation on his usual theme of human isolation and the human community (Harris 304). Hester Prynne was a superb example of both these themes since she was isolated from a strict Puritan community. Possibly, Hawthorne's recurring theme of isolation stemmed from his own experience of seclusion (Gale). Hawthorne explored the themes of penance for sins and cowardliness when Arthur Dimmesdale struggled with himself to make his sin public. In conclusion, Hawthorne's literary style did indeed contain elements such as description and dialogue, which seemed out of place when compared to modern twentieth century literature. However, Hawthorne's style was typical of the literary style of the time. Nevertheless, Hawthorne addressed modern themes and expressed his own view on human nature and religion. In addition, Hawthorne's symbolism was an essential tool in addressing topics, which were too radical to be publicly addressed in the nineteenth century. Therefore, Hawthorne's symbolism an astute way to express his own beliefs. Hawthorne also achieved a unique form of allegory by placing characters in unusual situations. Hawthorne used various symbols to imply themes of adultery, sins, and human morality. All in all, Hawthorne deeply examined every facet of human nature and drew conclusions from the experiences of the characters in his work. WORKS CITED Hawthorne, Nathaniel. The Scarlet Letter.
Fitzgerald, Sheila ed. Short Story Criticism. vol.4.
Detroit: Gale Research Company, 1989.
Gale ed. DISCovering Authors. Detroit: Gale Research Company , 1996.
Harris, Laurie Lanzen. Nineteenth Century Literature Criticism. vol. 54. Detroit: Gale Research Company, 1985.
Litz, Waltona ed. American Writers. New York: Charles Scriner's Sons, 1998.
