英美文学｜浪漫主义时期
｜浪漫主义时期｜• 简介
英国浪漫主义时期一般被认为始于1798年，标志为华兹华斯与柯勒律治的《抒情歌谣集》的出版，终于1832年，标志为沃尔特•司各特的去世及议会的第一悔穗个改革提案的通过。
Gothic novel ,a type of romantic fiction that predominanted in the late eighteenth century, was one phase of the Romantic movement.Its principal elements are violence, horror,and the supernatural,which strongly appeal to the reader’s emotion.
哥特式小说是浪漫主义运动的一种形式 盛于浪漫主义前期18世纪末。
小说主要元素：暴力，恐怖，超自然力量的描写。
VIP :
1.William Blake
2.William Wordsworth
3.Percy Bysshe Shelley
4.Jane Austen
How is Romanticism different from Neoclassicism? Provide brief evidence from the literary works you know best.
1: Neoclassicists upheld that artistic ideals should be order,logic, restrained emotion and accuracy, and that literature should be judged in terms of its service to humanity, and thus, literary expression should be of proportion, unity, harmony and grace.
2: Romanticists tended to see the individual as the very center of all experience, including art, and thus, literary work should be “spontaneous overflow of strong feelings ”, and no matter how fragmentary those experiences were, the value of the work lied in the accuracy of presenting those unique feelings and particular attitudes.
3: In a word, Neoclassicism emphasizes rationality and form but Romanticism attached great importance to the individual’s mind.
威廉•布莱克 生于伦敦一个爱尔兰裔小商人家庭，一生中，他都身碧灶卜兼诗人与雕刻家两重角色，他的天才在他的有生之年是默默无闻的，只是在他去世后才被人挖掘出来并一举成名。
在文学上，布莱克是第一位重要的浪漫主义诗人，表现出对理性至上的轻视，对18世纪古典主义的叛逆以及对个人幻想的重视。
布莱克的代表作《天真之歌》表述了一个愉快而纯洁的世界，尽管这个世界也偶有苦难与罪恶。《经验之歌》则描绘了一个截然不同的世界，一个充满苦难、贫穷、疾病与战争的世界，笔调极为忧伤压抑。
《天真之歌》中不少诗篇都在《经验之歌》中有着姊妹辩高篇。比如“孩童之欣喜”与“孩童之忧愁”对应，纯洁的羔羊与燃烧的猛虎对应。两部诗集主题相似，笔调不同。
1.| Songs of Innocence & Songs of Experience |
【 Brief introduce 】
A. The Songs of Innocence is a lovely volume of poems, presenting a happy and innocent world, though not without its evils and sufferings.
B. His Songs of Experience paints a different world, a world of misery, poverty, disease, war and repression with a melancholy tone.
C. Childhood is the central to Blake's concern in the Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience.
2. | Tyger |
What does "symmetry" mean?
The well-proportioned body of the tiger.
What does "tyger" refer to?
There are different opinions about the tiger. Some say the tiger is made by God. Others say it is made by men. One more idea thinks that The Tyger is a poem about work, about artistic creation.
Please make a comment on William Blake's poetry.
A. His first collection of poems Poetical Sketches is one of youthful verse with joy, laughter, love and harmony as its prevailing notes.
B. The second volume of his Songs of Innocence presents a happy and innocent world.
C. The third — Songs of Experience paints a different world, a world of misery, poverty, disease, war and repression with a melancholy tone.
The last two hold the similar subject-matter, but their tone, emphasis and conclusion differ. Childhood remains central to the poet's concern in the two, with a number of poems from them can be pairs.
For example, the two poems both entitled "Chimney Sweeper" are such pairs, for the one in the Songs of Innocence indicates the conditions of the exploitation of child labor, which make religion a consolation, but the one in the Songs of Experience reveals the true nature of religion which helps bring misery to the poor children.
D. The maturity of Blake's poetry is shown in his poem Marriage of Heaven and Hell in which the relationship of the contraries is explored, for in the poet's eyes, "without contraries, there is no progression."
What does the poem "The Chimney Sweeper (from Songs of Experience)" reveal?
The two “Chimney Sweeper”poems are good examples to reveal the relation between an economic circumstance, i.e.the exploitation of child labor, and ideological circumstance. i.e.the role played by religion in making people compliant to exploitation.In the Songs of Experience reveals the true nature of religion which helps bring misery to the poor children.
威廉•华兹华斯
• 1797年，结识了科勒律治，两人成为知心密友，合作完成了《抒情歌谣集》。
• 诗人骚塞、科勒律治、和华兹华斯三人一并成为“湖畔诗人”。
• 1842年，华兹华斯荣获政府津贴，次年他压倒骚塞成为“桂冠诗人”（Poet Laureate）
• 华兹华斯被称为“大自然的膜拜者”。
• 华兹华斯是一个怀旧的诗人，对他来说，生命犹如轮回的旅程，生命之始也是生命之终。他的这种人生哲学体现在他的代表作《序曲》中。
• 华兹华斯追求简洁朴素的风格，厌恶粉饰真实。他强调诗歌创作最要紧的是把握素材的真实来源，即“在静谧中找回情感”。他的创作理论核心是普通人的生活经历。
• 华兹华斯是英国诗歌史上的巨星，是浪漫主义时期的杰出代表，他号召人们用清新、自然、关心的目光去看待周围的事物，开创了运用百姓生活语言写诗的新道路，并号召人们回归自然。
作家作品：
The Prelude
Composed upon Westminster Brige
Lyrical Ballads
I Wondered Lonely as a Cloud
The Solitary Reaper
1. | I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud |
This poem typically depicts the author's respect for nature. / His love for the daffodils.
2. | Composed upon Westminster Brige |
3. | She Dwelt Among the Untrodden Ways |
《独自幽居》By comparing a country girl (Lucy) to a violet, the poet intends to show her quality of beauty and her virtue which are often neglected by the common people just like a wild flower blooming by an untrodden road.
4. | The Solitary Reaper |
《孤独的收割者》It tells us, to Romanticists, poetry is an expression of an individual's feelings and experience no matter how fragmentary and momentary these feelings and experiences are. (无论他们的情感是微不足道的还是伟大的)
| Questions |
Please discuss the significance of William Wordsworth's poetry in the history of English literature.
A. First of all, Wordsworth's theory, as stated in his "preface" to the second edition of the Lyrical Ballads, serves as a manifesto of Romanticism. The poet takes the direct experience of the senses as the source of poetic truth as poetry comes from the "emotion recollected in tranquillity". The significance of the "Preface" also presents itself in the poet's advocation of the writing of the common people in ordinary language.
B. Secondly, his practice is what his theory implies, for the joys and sorrows of the common people are his themes, in many of his poems such as the "Lucy poems".
C. Thirdly, natural scenery with its beauty and mystery acts also as one of his favorite themes and the sympathy out of the poet's nature towards the poor in rural places becomes part of his concern.
D. Finally, the seemingly simplicity of the poet both in diction and description is immersed in a profound and sympathetic longing for a better world. So the most important contribution he has made is that he has not only started the modern poetry, the poetry of his growing inner self, but also changed the course of English poetry by using ordinary speech of the language and by advocating a return to nature.
雪莱 出生于一个富有家庭，父亲是个保守的乡绅，母亲貌美。
• 雪莱对自由的渴望及对暴政的憎恶都体现在诗作中，如《自由颂》《那不勒斯颂》等。
• 雪莱最著名的政治抒情诗是《致英格兰人民》，诗中号召工人，农民起来斗争，在宪章运动时期成为英国共产党的战歌。
• 雪莱最著名的抒情诗当属《西风颂》。瑟瑟寒风熄灭了一年的生机，却孕育着新春的希望，诗人希望自己也化作这西风，把他对未来的预言传遍人间。
• 雪莱最有造诣的作品是他的四幕诗剧《被解放的普罗米修斯》。
• 雪莱的诗歌语言清新别致，文化底蕴深厚，含有丰富的典故，并多用拟人和隐喻，将我们看到的事物完全生动地描绘出来。
作家作品：
To a Skylark
Men of England
Ode to the West Wind
| Men of England |
《致英格兰人民》It is not only a war cry calling upon all working people to rise up against their political oppressors, but an address to them pointing out the intolerable injustice of economic exploitation.
* "drones" refers to the parasitic class in human society.
* "bees of England" refers to the laboring people in England.
| Ode to the West Wind | (theme)
The poem expresses his eagerness to enjoy the boundless freedom from the reality.
【 奥斯汀一生完成六部作品，她的处女作《理智与情感》讲述了一对姐妹的恋爱经历》；《傲慢与偏见》是她最著名的作品。在写作风格上，她倡导新古典主义，坚持理性、秩序、典雅的原则。奥斯汀的创作主题总与个人的生活及人际关系有关，正因如此，她的作品具有普遍的意义。】
| Pride and Prejudice | (Theme)
A. It was oringinally drafted as "First Impressions" in 1796, is the most delightful of Jane Austen's works. The title tells of a major concern of the novel: pride and prejudice.
| Questions |
What are Austen's writing features?
Jane Austen is one of the realistic novelists. Austen's work has a very narrow literary field. Her novels show a wealth of humor, wit and delicate satire.
Based on her writings discuss Jane Austen's greatest contribution to English literature.
A. Jane Austen is one of the most important Romantic novelists in English literature. She creates six influential novels.
B. Her main literary concern is about human beings in their personal relationships. She makes trivial daily life as important as the concerns about human belief, career and salient social event. This is what makes her important in English literature.
C. Jane Austen has brought the English novel, as an art of form, to its maturity because of her sensitivity to universal patterns of human behavior and her accurate portrayal of human individuals.
D. She describe the world from a woman's point of view, and depicts a group of authentic and common women.
Make comments on Austen's attitude towards the three kinds of motivations of marriage the middle class people had in the second of the 18th century. (with specific examples from Pride and Prejudice )
A. Motivation one: to pursue material interest through marriage;
B. Motivation two: to seek sensual pleasure and beauty; Lydia and Mr,Bennet are examples of this kind.
C. Motivation three: to search for true love and also take personal merits and financial position into consideration; Elizabeth Bennet is a typical example of this kind.
Austen celebrated the third kind of motivation of marriage while criticizing the first two wrong motivations.
……
带思维导图版笔记在这里: 英美文学笔记
自然主义文学名词解释
自然主义文学的名词解释
自然主义文学作为西方文学的一个流派产生于19世纪下半叶的法国，19世纪360问答末和20世纪初传至欧美和世界各国。自然主义文学是西方现实主义文学发展到极致蜕变起巴国的产物，也是生物学、遗传学等科学理论影响文学创作的结果。自然主义思潮持续的时火使一答带拿诗易与武重间并不长，成就基本只局限于文学领域，尽管“自然主义”一词本身来自绘画艺术领域。
自然主义文学的创作主张
自然主义文学家们早期都曾深受近代法国文学中根深蒂固的现实主义的影响，对巴尔扎克、司汤达继和福楼拜十分推崇。左拉认为巴尔扎克描画了整个世界，创建了现代小说，是自然主义小说之父。素而福楼拜的《包法利夫人》则被自然主义者尊为典范，尽管福楼拜本人在更大程度上是一个现实主义作家。自然主义作家主张要像福楼拜那样，完全消失在质括叙述后面，做一个冷漠的解剖学者。而自然主义文学的另一位代表作家莫泊桑本人就是福楼拜的得意弟子，师承了福楼拜的现实主义创作方法。 1880年左拉发表了《实验小说》和《自然主义小说家谈红流》两部论文集，正同适结压热督明些同划鲁式将这一文学思潮命名为“自然主义”。在富尔蒂埃尔词典中，对“自然主义”的解释是：“通过机理法则解释现象，不去寻求天生的原因”联尔减副席重白让美挥。左拉将这一概念引入文学，用以倡导一种追求纯粹的客观性和真实性、从生理学和遗传学角度去理解人的行动的创作理念。体现在文学作品中，自然主义文学力图事无巨细的描绘现实，给人一种实录生活和照相式的印象。
自然主义虽然在很大程度上继承了现实主义的一些理念，但在具体创作中却与现实主义间研直某有极大不同。首先，自然主义忽略典型人物的创造，只追求人物的气质特点和又剧换材赶兴精神变态心理，这和现实主义原则大相径庭;其次自然主义文学淡化情节，不追求戏剧性的青离粮华写院曲折变化，追求“独怀杀模底息至没有波折”的境界，只向读探写者提供生活的记录，这也是违背现实主义原则的。自然主义文学对社会异化现象的感知的深度是现实主义文学无法企及整行助格少照呀缺属接的，这一点深刻的影响了20世纪的现代文学。
自然主义文学的发展
自然主义文学产生于法国考孩。龚古尔兄弟是法国自然主义文学的先驱。他们自称是描绘当代生活的小说家，乐于描写下层阶级，偏爱于病理学的特殊病例研究。《修女菲洛梅娜》描写一个见习医生得化脓性感染而死，《勒内·莫普兰》嘲讽资产阶级的道德。龚古尔兄弟经常将小说中的人物当作特殊的精神病例来分析。
在语言上，他们打乱句法的逻辑因素，以肢解的句子、大胆的心新词和有意的不符合语法的句子来表达短暂的印象。龚古尔兄弟在法国文学史上地位极高，如今法国文学界最高奖就以他们的名字命名。 埃米尔·左拉(1840年-1902年)是法国自然主义文学的代表人物和成就最高者。他的代表作《卢贡-马卡尔家族》是自然主义文学的丰碑，也是继巴尔扎克《人间喜剧》之后另一法语小说大系，共包括20部长篇小说。这部巨著在于描写“第二帝国的一个家族的自然史和社会史”，是描绘法兰西第二帝国的一部编年史似的历史画卷。其中优秀的作品包括《娜娜》、《小酒馆》、《萌芽》等。左拉从80年代其开始理论著述，系统阐述自然主义主张。以左拉为中心形成了所谓的“梅塘集团”，是法国自然主义的核心集团。
除左拉外，居伊·德·莫泊桑(1850年-1894年)也是自然主义文学的杰出代表。莫泊桑是人类文学史上罕见的短篇小说大师，与俄国的契诃夫齐名。莫泊桑是现实主义文学大师福楼拜的弟子，早年在福楼拜的指导下接受严格的现实主义技法训练，因此莫泊桑的短篇小说结构十分严谨。他的代表作包括《羊脂球》、《一生》、 《漂亮朋友》等。莫泊桑的小说重视心理分析和朦胧潜意识的研究。他的美学思想体现在论文《论小说》中。他一方面坚持现实主义的真实论，一方面又认为作家必须保持无动于衷，“不着痕迹，看上去十分简单，使人看不出也指不出作品的构思，发现不了他的意图”。
1880年代，自然主义超越法国国界，传至欧美其他国家。
德国诗人团体“突破”宣传自然主义，“自由剧场”的创立为自然主义戏剧提供了舞台。盖尔哈特·霍普特曼(1862年-1946年)是德国自然主义文学的重要作家，剧作《日出之前》以自然主义手法表现德国的社会矛盾，把富人道德沦丧的原因归结为酒精中毒的遗传。表现劳资矛盾和工人起义的《织工》则从自然主义转向现实主义。
在英国，受自然主义影响而出现“贫民窟文学”，热衷于表现生活中卑污、可怕的东西。乔治·吉辛(1857年-1903年)的作品描写伦敦贫民窟中强徒横行，穷人无法摆脱饥饿和无法克服遗传的影响。莫利逊的《陋巷故事》描写有严重精神缺陷、像野兽般的贫民生活。
瑞典的剧作家约翰·奥古斯特·斯特林堡(1849年-1912年)早期的剧作也属于自然主义范畴，后来转向现代主义。
此外，自然主义在意大利、俄国、美国和日本也有较大影响。
自然主义文学的评价
自然主义是西方近代文学的重要流派，也是近代文学向现代文学转化的过渡流派，对20世纪的现代主义文学诸思潮产生了深刻的影响。现代主义文学追求非理性、无意识的境界其实就是从自然主义处继承而来。自然主义作为连接现实主义和现代主义的桥梁起到了承前启后的重要作用。
然而由于自然主义否定现实主义的创作技法，又不似现代主义创立自己的理论体系，因此存在时间很短暂。许多自然主义作家都在后期转投其他流派。法国的自然主义文学在1870年代-1880年代达到颠峰，之后便逐渐衰落。在法国以外，自然主义思潮影响并不非常显著，很快就被新兴的象征主义和表现主义所超越。尽管如此，自然主义的重要性却是勿庸置疑的，因此在西方文学史上将自然主义文学看作是和浪漫主义文学、现实主义文学并举的重要流派。
