英美文学｜浪漫主义时期
｜浪漫主义时期｜• 简介
英国浪漫主义时期一般被认为始于1798年，标志为华兹华斯与柯勒律治的《抒情歌谣集》的出版，终于1832年，标志为沃尔特•司各特的去世及议会的第一悔穗个改革提案的通过。
Gothic novel ,a type of romantic fiction that predominanted in the late eighteenth century, was one phase of the Romantic movement.Its principal elements are violence, horror,and the supernatural,which strongly appeal to the reader’s emotion.
哥特式小说是浪漫主义运动的一种形式 盛于浪漫主义前期18世纪末。
小说主要元素：暴力，恐怖，超自然力量的描写。
VIP :
1.William Blake
2.William Wordsworth
3.Percy Bysshe Shelley
4.Jane Austen
How is Romanticism different from Neoclassicism? Provide brief evidence from the literary works you know best.
1: Neoclassicists upheld that artistic ideals should be order,logic, restrained emotion and accuracy, and that literature should be judged in terms of its service to humanity, and thus, literary expression should be of proportion, unity, harmony and grace.
2: Romanticists tended to see the individual as the very center of all experience, including art, and thus, literary work should be “spontaneous overflow of strong feelings ”, and no matter how fragmentary those experiences were, the value of the work lied in the accuracy of presenting those unique feelings and particular attitudes.
3: In a word, Neoclassicism emphasizes rationality and form but Romanticism attached great importance to the individual’s mind.
威廉•布莱克 生于伦敦一个爱尔兰裔小商人家庭，一生中，他都身碧灶卜兼诗人与雕刻家两重角色，他的天才在他的有生之年是默默无闻的，只是在他去世后才被人挖掘出来并一举成名。
在文学上，布莱克是第一位重要的浪漫主义诗人，表现出对理性至上的轻视，对18世纪古典主义的叛逆以及对个人幻想的重视。
布莱克的代表作《天真之歌》表述了一个愉快而纯洁的世界，尽管这个世界也偶有苦难与罪恶。《经验之歌》则描绘了一个截然不同的世界，一个充满苦难、贫穷、疾病与战争的世界，笔调极为忧伤压抑。
《天真之歌》中不少诗篇都在《经验之歌》中有着姊妹辩高篇。比如“孩童之欣喜”与“孩童之忧愁”对应，纯洁的羔羊与燃烧的猛虎对应。两部诗集主题相似，笔调不同。
1.| Songs of Innocence & Songs of Experience |
【 Brief introduce 】
A. The Songs of Innocence is a lovely volume of poems, presenting a happy and innocent world, though not without its evils and sufferings.
B. His Songs of Experience paints a different world, a world of misery, poverty, disease, war and repression with a melancholy tone.
C. Childhood is the central to Blake's concern in the Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience.
2. | Tyger |
What does "symmetry" mean?
The well-proportioned body of the tiger.
What does "tyger" refer to?
There are different opinions about the tiger. Some say the tiger is made by God. Others say it is made by men. One more idea thinks that The Tyger is a poem about work, about artistic creation.
Please make a comment on William Blake's poetry.
A. His first collection of poems Poetical Sketches is one of youthful verse with joy, laughter, love and harmony as its prevailing notes.
B. The second volume of his Songs of Innocence presents a happy and innocent world.
C. The third — Songs of Experience paints a different world, a world of misery, poverty, disease, war and repression with a melancholy tone.
The last two hold the similar subject-matter, but their tone, emphasis and conclusion differ. Childhood remains central to the poet's concern in the two, with a number of poems from them can be pairs.
For example, the two poems both entitled "Chimney Sweeper" are such pairs, for the one in the Songs of Innocence indicates the conditions of the exploitation of child labor, which make religion a consolation, but the one in the Songs of Experience reveals the true nature of religion which helps bring misery to the poor children.
D. The maturity of Blake's poetry is shown in his poem Marriage of Heaven and Hell in which the relationship of the contraries is explored, for in the poet's eyes, "without contraries, there is no progression."
What does the poem "The Chimney Sweeper (from Songs of Experience)" reveal?
The two “Chimney Sweeper”poems are good examples to reveal the relation between an economic circumstance, i.e.the exploitation of child labor, and ideological circumstance. i.e.the role played by religion in making people compliant to exploitation.In the Songs of Experience reveals the true nature of religion which helps bring misery to the poor children.
威廉•华兹华斯
• 1797年，结识了科勒律治，两人成为知心密友，合作完成了《抒情歌谣集》。
• 诗人骚塞、科勒律治、和华兹华斯三人一并成为“湖畔诗人”。
• 1842年，华兹华斯荣获政府津贴，次年他压倒骚塞成为“桂冠诗人”（Poet Laureate）
• 华兹华斯被称为“大自然的膜拜者”。
• 华兹华斯是一个怀旧的诗人，对他来说，生命犹如轮回的旅程，生命之始也是生命之终。他的这种人生哲学体现在他的代表作《序曲》中。
• 华兹华斯追求简洁朴素的风格，厌恶粉饰真实。他强调诗歌创作最要紧的是把握素材的真实来源，即“在静谧中找回情感”。他的创作理论核心是普通人的生活经历。
• 华兹华斯是英国诗歌史上的巨星，是浪漫主义时期的杰出代表，他号召人们用清新、自然、关心的目光去看待周围的事物，开创了运用百姓生活语言写诗的新道路，并号召人们回归自然。
作家作品：
The Prelude
Composed upon Westminster Brige
Lyrical Ballads
I Wondered Lonely as a Cloud
The Solitary Reaper
1. | I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud |
This poem typically depicts the author's respect for nature. / His love for the daffodils.
2. | Composed upon Westminster Brige |
3. | She Dwelt Among the Untrodden Ways |
《独自幽居》By comparing a country girl (Lucy) to a violet, the poet intends to show her quality of beauty and her virtue which are often neglected by the common people just like a wild flower blooming by an untrodden road.
4. | The Solitary Reaper |
《孤独的收割者》It tells us, to Romanticists, poetry is an expression of an individual's feelings and experience no matter how fragmentary and momentary these feelings and experiences are. (无论他们的情感是微不足道的还是伟大的)
| Questions |
Please discuss the significance of William Wordsworth's poetry in the history of English literature.
A. First of all, Wordsworth's theory, as stated in his "preface" to the second edition of the Lyrical Ballads, serves as a manifesto of Romanticism. The poet takes the direct experience of the senses as the source of poetic truth as poetry comes from the "emotion recollected in tranquillity". The significance of the "Preface" also presents itself in the poet's advocation of the writing of the common people in ordinary language.
B. Secondly, his practice is what his theory implies, for the joys and sorrows of the common people are his themes, in many of his poems such as the "Lucy poems".
C. Thirdly, natural scenery with its beauty and mystery acts also as one of his favorite themes and the sympathy out of the poet's nature towards the poor in rural places becomes part of his concern.
D. Finally, the seemingly simplicity of the poet both in diction and description is immersed in a profound and sympathetic longing for a better world. So the most important contribution he has made is that he has not only started the modern poetry, the poetry of his growing inner self, but also changed the course of English poetry by using ordinary speech of the language and by advocating a return to nature.
雪莱 出生于一个富有家庭，父亲是个保守的乡绅，母亲貌美。
• 雪莱对自由的渴望及对暴政的憎恶都体现在诗作中，如《自由颂》《那不勒斯颂》等。
• 雪莱最著名的政治抒情诗是《致英格兰人民》，诗中号召工人，农民起来斗争，在宪章运动时期成为英国共产党的战歌。
• 雪莱最著名的抒情诗当属《西风颂》。瑟瑟寒风熄灭了一年的生机，却孕育着新春的希望，诗人希望自己也化作这西风，把他对未来的预言传遍人间。
• 雪莱最有造诣的作品是他的四幕诗剧《被解放的普罗米修斯》。
• 雪莱的诗歌语言清新别致，文化底蕴深厚，含有丰富的典故，并多用拟人和隐喻，将我们看到的事物完全生动地描绘出来。
作家作品：
To a Skylark
Men of England
Ode to the West Wind
| Men of England |
《致英格兰人民》It is not only a war cry calling upon all working people to rise up against their political oppressors, but an address to them pointing out the intolerable injustice of economic exploitation.
* "drones" refers to the parasitic class in human society.
* "bees of England" refers to the laboring people in England.
| Ode to the West Wind | (theme)
The poem expresses his eagerness to enjoy the boundless freedom from the reality.
【 奥斯汀一生完成六部作品，她的处女作《理智与情感》讲述了一对姐妹的恋爱经历》；《傲慢与偏见》是她最著名的作品。在写作风格上，她倡导新古典主义，坚持理性、秩序、典雅的原则。奥斯汀的创作主题总与个人的生活及人际关系有关，正因如此，她的作品具有普遍的意义。】
| Pride and Prejudice | (Theme)
A. It was oringinally drafted as "First Impressions" in 1796, is the most delightful of Jane Austen's works. The title tells of a major concern of the novel: pride and prejudice.
| Questions |
What are Austen's writing features?
Jane Austen is one of the realistic novelists. Austen's work has a very narrow literary field. Her novels show a wealth of humor, wit and delicate satire.
Based on her writings discuss Jane Austen's greatest contribution to English literature.
A. Jane Austen is one of the most important Romantic novelists in English literature. She creates six influential novels.
B. Her main literary concern is about human beings in their personal relationships. She makes trivial daily life as important as the concerns about human belief, career and salient social event. This is what makes her important in English literature.
C. Jane Austen has brought the English novel, as an art of form, to its maturity because of her sensitivity to universal patterns of human behavior and her accurate portrayal of human individuals.
D. She describe the world from a woman's point of view, and depicts a group of authentic and common women.
Make comments on Austen's attitude towards the three kinds of motivations of marriage the middle class people had in the second of the 18th century. (with specific examples from Pride and Prejudice )
A. Motivation one: to pursue material interest through marriage;
B. Motivation two: to seek sensual pleasure and beauty; Lydia and Mr,Bennet are examples of this kind.
C. Motivation three: to search for true love and also take personal merits and financial position into consideration; Elizabeth Bennet is a typical example of this kind.
Austen celebrated the third kind of motivation of marriage while criticizing the first two wrong motivations.
……
带思维导图版笔记在这里: 英美文学笔记
浪漫主
浪漫主义文学产生于18世纪末，在1弦也时庆穿厂9世纪上半叶达到繁荣时期360问答，是西方近代文学最重要的思潮之一。下面趣历史小编就为大家带来详细的介绍，一起来看看吧!
在纵向上，浪漫主义文学是对文艺复兴时期人文主义理念的虽宗祖刻复钱继承和发扬，也是对僵化的法国古典主义的有力反驳。
在横向上，浪漫主义文学和随后出现的现实主义共同构成西方近代文学的两大体系，造就19世纪西方文煤钟但析判我源算学盛极一时的繁荣局面业优画巴约术准减走，对后来的现代主义和后现代主义文学产生了深远的影响。
浪漫主义文学的特征
一、浪漫主义东诉阿清统告笔适洋文学试图用想象代替不足
浪漫主义文学以一种超越现实步取住存名依回方肥材的文学精神，执着于对人生理想甚至幻想的表现，力图用文学给人类展现出一幅理想的农气另数刚评担川生活景象。
用德国作家席勒的话说，浪漫主义“试图用美丽的理想去代究队女核低夫久编缩替那不足的真实”。
所以，浪漫主义并不像现实主义文学那样注重对生活对象的如实摹写，强调文学的真实性和客观性，而是竭力表现理想，表现主观愿望，表现向往理想的激情。
所以在文学创作中，浪漫主义遵循的是理想化的原则，只要能表现理想的与希望的生活，文学塑造的形象即使违背生活本身固有的逻辑也无关紧要。
二、浪漫主义文学远离现实生活
在理想主义精神的支配下，浪漫主义文学更多地采用了远离现实生活的神话传说、奇异故事等作为自己的表苗粮容回除任老现对象，以富于幻想的方式创造出想象的和虚构的艺术世界。
法国著名的浪漫主义作家副听盾千侵打善计太钱应乔治·桑曾说：浪漫主义艺术“不是对于现实世界的研究，而是对于理想的真实的追求”。
因此浪漫主义作品所描写的生活往往带有幻想的特点，在虚构的特殊的环境中，描写一些具有奇特的步又纪光找信北能超人品格、行为和能北点冲略华亚伤案际力的形象。
三、浪漫主义文学形木每侵沿崇尚自然
浪漫主义文学原原具有崇尚自然的特点，强新有城逐调以自然为对象和表现人性的自然本质。我们在前面已经提及效龙明思短力就，浪漫主义文学尤为重视自然。
这个“自然”优河论停击目抗多执在注既是指那个与社会生活截然不同的大自然，又是指突现了人之本性的自然。
浪漫主义文学所以关注自然，提出“回到自然”的口号，是因为对资本主义发展所带来的违反人性的都市文明和工业文化的失望。
浪漫主义认为，人性原有的纯朴与自然，人类与大自然的和谐，都因为现代工业的发展，因为物质欲望的弥漫，而逐渐丧失了。
四、浪漫主义文学写作夸张、大胆
浪漫主义文学在表现方式上具有大胆幻想、构思奇特、手法夸张的特点。浪漫主义在艺术表现上不求“形似”，不像现实主义那样追求细节的真实，而是依据主观感情的逻辑和表现理想的需要。
充分发挥想象、夸张、虚构、变形、比喻、象征等非再现性的艺术手段，致力于理想的艺术世界的创造，从而体现了浪漫主义文学在艺术形式和表现手法上的特色，
浪漫主义文学经常使用异常夸张的艺术表现手法，以传奇式的故事情节，华丽的语言形式，把历史传说、神话故事、自然奇观和异域风情揉合起来，以表现理想中的世界和人生，呈现出雄奇瑰伟的浪漫气势。
浪漫主义文学的代表人物
一、罗伯特·彭斯
罗伯特·彭斯是浪漫主义文学的代表人物之一，在英国文学史上占有特殊重要的地位。他复活并丰富了苏格兰民歌，他的诗歌富有音乐性，可以歌唱。
彭斯生于苏格兰民族面临被异族征服的时代，因此他的诗歌充满了激进的民主、自由的思想。
诗人生活在破产的农村，和贫苦的农民血肉相连，他的诗歌歌颂了故国家乡的秀美，抒写了劳动者纯朴的友谊和爱情。
二、乔治·拜伦
乔治·拜伦是英国19世纪初期伟大的浪漫主义诗人。其代表作品有《恰尔德·哈罗德游记》、《唐璜》等。
在他的诗歌里塑造了一批“拜伦式英雄”。拜伦不仅是一位伟大的诗人，还是一个为理想战斗一生的勇士;他积极而勇敢地投身革命，参加了希腊民族解放运动，并成为领导人之一。
三、雪莱
珀西·比希·雪莱，英国著名作家、浪漫主义诗人，被认为是历史上最出色的英语诗人之一。
英国浪漫主义民主诗人、第一位社会主义诗人、小说家、哲学家、散文随笔和政论作家、改革家、柏拉图主义者和理想主义者，受空想社会主义思想影响颇深。
四、弗朗索瓦·勒内·德·夏多布里昂
弗朗索瓦带有贵族倾向，《基督教真谛》主张复兴中世纪礼教，但其作品对美洲丛林和大草原奇异风光以及古代废墟富于抒情色彩的描写，成为浪漫主义文学异国情调和描绘“废墟美”的滥觞。
他的小说《勒内》和《阿达拉》都描写世俗爱情和宗教信仰的矛盾，悱恻缠绵。
五、华盛顿·欧文
是19世纪美国最著名浪漫主义代表人物，号称美国文学之父。1783年4月3日出生在纽约一个富商家庭。
从欧文少年时代起就喜爱阅读英国作家司各特、拜伦和彭斯等人的作品。欧文的第一部重要作品是《纽约外史》。
1819年，欧文的《见闻札记》出版，引起欧洲和美国文学界的重视，这部作品奠定了欧文在美国文学史上的地位。
此外海涅、卢梭、惠特曼、华兹华斯、济慈、小仲马、简·奥斯丁等人也都是浪漫主义文学的代表人物。
