英國浪漫主義時期起源？
英國浪漫主義主要體現于詩歌、曆史畫和風景畫領域
英國浪漫主義詩歌鼎盛期大約始于18世紀70年代終于19世紀20年代，湧現的著名詩人主要包括彭斯、布萊克、華茲華斯、克勒律治、拜倫、雪萊、濟慈
反抗古典主義，多抒情，托物言志，抒發對現實的不滿。
現代主義仍然是寶貴的詩歌經驗，它是現代思想、現代文化的一個重要組成部分，而且爲它們打先鋒，起了突破性的曆史作用。但是浪漫主義是一個更大的詩歌現象，在規模上，在影響上，在今天的餘波上。現代主義的若幹根子，就在浪漫主義之中；浪漫主義所追求的目标到今天也沒有全部實現，而現代主義作爲文學風尚則已成爲陳迹了。
爲了說明這一些，有必要對浪漫主義進行再認識。浪漫主義包羅廣，内容也複雜，因此需要限制範圍，作爲第一步，這裏選擇了英國浪漫主義詩歌作爲再認識的具體對象。
英國浪漫主義的特殊重要性半因它的環境，半因它的表現。論環境，當時英國是第一個經曆第一次工業革命的國家，世界上最大的殖民帝國，在國内它的政府用 嚴刑峻法對付群衆運動，而人民的鬥争則更趨高漲，終于導緻後來的憲章運動和議會改革。從布萊克起始，直到濟慈，浪漫詩人們都對這樣的環境有深刻感受，形之 于詩，作品表現出空前的尖銳性。
論表現：英國浪漫詩歌時間長，數量大，而且兩代重要詩人都有多篇不朽之作，在題材和詩藝上都突破前人，突破國界，成爲全歐洲以至全世界的文學和 思想 影響。 英國的近代詩歌理論也是在這個時期開端的，幾位大詩人都作出了意義重大的貢獻。
由于這些原因，英國浪漫主義詩歌又不僅僅是英國一國的，而是世界詩
拜倫和雪萊是英國浪漫主義文學的傑出代表。
拜倫最重要的作品《唐璜》是一部詩體長篇小說，通過遊記方式記述貴族青年唐璜在希臘、俄國和英國等地遊曆的冒險及愛情遭遇，廣泛地反映了歐洲的社會生活，抨擊了封建勢力，諷刺了資産階級的虛僞狡詐，熱情地呼喚人民起來革命。他的詩歌洋溢着追求民主和民族解放的精神，飽含高昂的戰鬥激情。雪萊在政治上支持愛爾蘭民族獨立，贊賞法國大革命。他的詩歌音調優美，節奏明快，想象豐富。《西風頌》和《緻雲雀》等舉世聞名。其詩劇《解放了的普羅米修斯》，以希臘羅馬神話爲題材，描繪了爲人類“盜火”的英雄普羅米修斯堅強不屈、最後依靠自然的力量獲得解放的故事，寄托了詩人對一個充滿愛的光輝的理想社會的向往，表現了詩人的空想社會主義思想。
英美文學｜浪漫主義時期
｜浪漫主義時期｜• 簡介
英國浪漫主義時期一般被認爲始于1798年，标志爲華茲華斯與柯勒律治的《抒情歌謠集》的出版，終于1832年，标志爲沃爾特•司各特的去世及議會的第一悔穗個改革提案的通過。
Gothic novel ,a type of romantic fiction that predominanted in the late eighteenth century, was one phase of the Romantic movement.Its principal elements are violence, horror,and the supernatural,which strongly appeal to the reader’s emotion.
哥特式小說是浪漫主義運動的一種形式 盛于浪漫主義前期18世紀末。
小說主要元素：暴力，恐怖，超自然力量的描寫。
VIP :
1.William Blake
2.William Wordsworth
3.Percy Bysshe Shelley
4.Jane Austen
How is Romanticism different from Neoclassicism? Provide brief evidence from the literary works you know best.
1: Neoclassicists upheld that artistic ideals should be order,logic, restrained emotion and accuracy, and that literature should be judged in terms of its service to humanity, and thus, literary expression should be of proportion, unity, harmony and grace.
2: Romanticists tended to see the individual as the very center of all experience, including art, and thus, literary work should be “spontaneous overflow of strong feelings ”, and no matter how fragmentary those experiences were, the value of the work lied in the accuracy of presenting those unique feelings and particular attitudes.
3: In a word, Neoclassicism emphasizes rationality and form but Romanticism attached great importance to the individual’s mind.
威廉•布萊克 生于倫敦一個愛爾蘭裔小商人家庭，一生中，他都身碧竈蔔兼詩人與雕刻家兩重角色，他的天才在他的有生之年是默默無聞的，隻是在他去世後才被人挖掘出來并一舉成名。
在文學上，布萊克是第一位重要的浪漫主義詩人，表現出對理性至上的輕視，對18世紀古典主義的叛逆以及對個人幻想的重視。
布萊克的代表作《天真之歌》表述了一個愉快而純潔的世界，盡管這個世界也偶有苦難與罪惡。《經驗之歌》則描繪了一個截然不同的世界，一個充滿苦難、貧窮、疾病與戰争的世界，筆調極爲憂傷壓抑。
《天真之歌》中不少詩篇都在《經驗之歌》中有着姊妹辯高篇。比如“孩童之欣喜”與“孩童之憂愁”對應，純潔的羔羊與燃燒的猛虎對應。兩部詩集主題相似，筆調不同。
1.| Songs of Innocence & Songs of Experience |
【 Brief introduce 】
A. The Songs of Innocence is a lovely volume of poems, presenting a happy and innocent world, though not without its evils and sufferings.
B. His Songs of Experience paints a different world, a world of misery, poverty, disease, war and repression with a melancholy tone.
C. Childhood is the central to Blake's concern in the Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience.
2. | Tyger |
What does "symmetry" mean?
The well-proportioned body of the tiger.
What does "tyger" refer to?
There are different opinions about the tiger. Some say the tiger is made by God. Others say it is made by men. One more idea thinks that The Tyger is a poem about work, about artistic creation.
Please make a comment on William Blake's poetry.
A. His first collection of poems Poetical Sketches is one of youthful verse with joy, laughter, love and harmony as its prevailing notes.
B. The second volume of his Songs of Innocence presents a happy and innocent world.
C. The third — Songs of Experience paints a different world, a world of misery, poverty, disease, war and repression with a melancholy tone.
The last two hold the similar subject-matter, but their tone, emphasis and conclusion differ. Childhood remains central to the poet's concern in the two, with a number of poems from them can be pairs.
For example, the two poems both entitled "Chimney Sweeper" are such pairs, for the one in the Songs of Innocence indicates the conditions of the exploitation of child labor, which make religion a consolation, but the one in the Songs of Experience reveals the true nature of religion which helps bring misery to the poor children.
D. The maturity of Blake's poetry is shown in his poem Marriage of Heaven and Hell in which the relationship of the contraries is explored, for in the poet's eyes, "without contraries, there is no progression."
What does the poem "The Chimney Sweeper (from Songs of Experience)" reveal?
The two “Chimney Sweeper”poems are good examples to reveal the relation between an economic circumstance, i.e.the exploitation of child labor, and ideological circumstance. i.e.the role played by religion in making people compliant to exploitation.In the Songs of Experience reveals the true nature of religion which helps bring misery to the poor children.
威廉•華茲華斯
• 1797年，結識了科勒律治，兩人成爲知心密友，合作完成了《抒情歌謠集》。
• 詩人騷塞、科勒律治、和華茲華斯三人一并成爲“湖畔詩人”。
• 1842年，華茲華斯榮獲政府津貼，次年他壓倒騷塞成爲“桂冠詩人”（Poet Laureate）
• 華茲華斯被稱爲“大自然的膜拜者”。
• 華茲華斯是一個懷舊的詩人，對他來說，生命猶如輪回的旅程，生命之始也是生命之終。他的這種人生哲學體現在他的代表作《序曲》中。
• 華茲華斯追求簡潔樸素的風格，厭惡粉飾真實。他強調詩歌創作最要緊的是把握素材的真實來源，即“在靜谧中找回情感”。他的創作理論核心是普通人的生活經曆。
• 華茲華斯是英國詩歌史上的巨星，是浪漫主義時期的傑出代表，他号召人們用清新、自然、關心的目光去看待周圍的事物，開創了運用百姓生活語言寫詩的新道路，并号召人們回歸自然。
作家作品：
The Prelude
Composed upon Westminster Brige
Lyrical Ballads
I Wondered Lonely as a Cloud
The Solitary Reaper
1. | I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud |
This poem typically depicts the author's respect for nature. / His love for the daffodils.
2. | Composed upon Westminster Brige |
3. | She Dwelt Among the Untrodden Ways |
《獨自幽居》By comparing a country girl (Lucy) to a violet, the poet intends to show her quality of beauty and her virtue which are often neglected by the common people just like a wild flower blooming by an untrodden road.
4. | The Solitary Reaper |
《孤獨的收割者》It tells us, to Romanticists, poetry is an expression of an individual's feelings and experience no matter how fragmentary and momentary these feelings and experiences are. (無論他們的情感是微不足道的還是偉大的)
| Questions |
Please discuss the significance of William Wordsworth's poetry in the history of English literature.
A. First of all, Wordsworth's theory, as stated in his "preface" to the second edition of the Lyrical Ballads, serves as a manifesto of Romanticism. The poet takes the direct experience of the senses as the source of poetic truth as poetry comes from the "emotion recollected in tranquillity". The significance of the "Preface" also presents itself in the poet's advocation of the writing of the common people in ordinary language.
B. Secondly, his practice is what his theory implies, for the joys and sorrows of the common people are his themes, in many of his poems such as the "Lucy poems".
C. Thirdly, natural scenery with its beauty and mystery acts also as one of his favorite themes and the sympathy out of the poet's nature towards the poor in rural places becomes part of his concern.
D. Finally, the seemingly simplicity of the poet both in diction and description is immersed in a profound and sympathetic longing for a better world. So the most important contribution he has made is that he has not only started the modern poetry, the poetry of his growing inner self, but also changed the course of English poetry by using ordinary speech of the language and by advocating a return to nature.
雪萊 出生于一個富有家庭，父親是個保守的鄉紳，母親貌美。
• 雪萊對自由的渴望及對暴政的憎惡都體現在詩作中，如《自由頌》《那不勒斯頌》等。
• 雪萊最著名的政治抒情詩是《緻英格蘭人民》，詩中号召工人，農民起來鬥争，在憲章運動時期成爲英國共産黨的戰歌。
• 雪萊最著名的抒情詩當屬《西風頌》。瑟瑟寒風熄滅了一年的生機，卻孕育着新春的希望，詩人希望自己也化作這西風，把他對未來的預言傳遍人間。
• 雪萊最有造詣的作品是他的四幕詩劇《被解放的普羅米修斯》。
• 雪萊的詩歌語言清新别緻，文化底蘊深厚，含有豐富的典故，并多用拟人和隐喻，将我們看到的事物完全生動地描繪出來。
作家作品：
To a Skylark
Men of England
Ode to the West Wind
| Men of England |
《緻英格蘭人民》It is not only a war cry calling upon all working people to rise up against their political oppressors, but an address to them pointing out the intolerable injustice of economic exploitation.
* "drones" refers to the parasitic class in human society.
* "bees of England" refers to the laboring people in England.
| Ode to the West Wind | (theme)
The poem expresses his eagerness to enjoy the boundless freedom from the reality.
【 奧斯汀一生完成六部作品，她的處女作《理智與情感》講述了一對姐妹的戀愛經曆》；《傲慢與偏見》是她最著名的作品。在寫作風格上，她倡導新古典主義，堅持理性、秩序、典雅的原則。奧斯汀的創作主題總與個人的生活及人際關系有關，正因如此，她的作品具有普遍的意義。】
| Pride and Prejudice | (Theme)
A. It was oringinally drafted as "First Impressions" in 1796, is the most delightful of Jane Austen's works. The title tells of a major concern of the novel: pride and prejudice.
| Questions |
What are Austen's writing features?
Jane Austen is one of the realistic novelists. Austen's work has a very narrow literary field. Her novels show a wealth of humor, wit and delicate satire.
Based on her writings discuss Jane Austen's greatest contribution to English literature.
A. Jane Austen is one of the most important Romantic novelists in English literature. She creates six influential novels.
B. Her main literary concern is about human beings in their personal relationships. She makes trivial daily life as important as the concerns about human belief, career and salient social event. This is what makes her important in English literature.
C. Jane Austen has brought the English novel, as an art of form, to its maturity because of her sensitivity to universal patterns of human behavior and her accurate portrayal of human individuals.
D. She describe the world from a woman's point of view, and depicts a group of authentic and common women.
Make comments on Austen's attitude towards the three kinds of motivations of marriage the middle class people had in the second of the 18th century. (with specific examples from Pride and Prejudice )
A. Motivation one: to pursue material interest through marriage;
B. Motivation two: to seek sensual pleasure and beauty; Lydia and Mr,Bennet are examples of this kind.
C. Motivation three: to search for true love and also take personal merits and financial position into consideration; Elizabeth Bennet is a typical example of this kind.
Austen celebrated the third kind of motivation of marriage while criticizing the first two wrong motivations.
……
帶思維導圖版筆記在這裏: 英美文學筆記
