用英语介绍下面一段关于现代艺术的资料
20th Century Modern Art
Three-Master Art:
Matisse (Fauvism), Picasso (cubism), Dali (surrealism).
Since the 20th century, modern fine arts school has shown repeatedly, are thousands. Born in 1905 in order to Matisse represented by Fauvism paintings, to emphasize the simple shape and flat, and the pursuit of the decorative screen. The rise in 1908 to Blake and Picasso represented by Cubist painting by Cezanne inherited form of law, natural objects into geometric block face, so as to fundamentally break free of the traditional law art visual and spatial concepts. With Germany in 1905 and Bridge Society in 1909's Blue Knight has set up a kind of expressionism as an important school of painting on board, were drawing attention to the performance of the artist's subjective feelings and internal. In 1909 in Italy there have been futuristic art movement, artists were keen to break down and use three-dimensional objects, methods and performance of the activities of the objects of the sense of movement. Abstract works of art around before and after the 1910 elections, on behalf of its artists are Russian painter Wassily Kandinsky and Mondrian Dutch painter, and the two men were also represents the lyrical abstract and geometric abstraction in both directions.
During World War I have thought of Dada, the artists were not only opposed to war against authority, against tradition, but also deny their own art, negate everything. • Dusan reach Vinci's "Mona Lisa" painting on the beard and urinal as a work of art is to reflect the thinking of Dadaism. With the Dada movement faded on the basis of which appeared in art thought surrealism. Send this to Bergson's intuitive painter, Freud's psychoanalysis and the theoretical foundation for the dream psychology in an attempt to show the world the subconscious and unconscious. His painting is often the specific details and descriptions of the fictional artistic combination of performance and the illusion of a dream scene. On behalf of the artists Ernst, Magritte, Chagall, Dali, Miro and so on.
In the United States after World War II generated by Pollock, de Kooning • represented by the abstract expressionist painting, a combination of abstract, expressionism characteristics, emphasizing freedom of action painters and automaticity.
In the 1950s to the early germination of the United Kingdom, the peak in the mid-50's Pop Art in the United States, inherited the spirit of Dada, a large number of works in the use of waste, bills of goods, movies and advertisements for various newspapers and periodicals picture collage portfolio, so Dadaism and the new title. Johns U.S. artist representatives, the Labor Health and Parkinson's, Warhol and so on.
70s and the rise of super-realism (or photo-realism) movement, whose main characteristic is the use of photographic results of an objective and realistic copy of the description. On behalf of the artists have a close, Peiersitan, sculptor, Andrea, the most well-known Hansen. In addition to the above, can be classified as modern art there are areas of accidental art, earth art, and so on. Art has many of its activities beyond the scope of the art.
斯蒂文·霍尔的基本资料
姓名：斯蒂文·霍尔(Steven Holl)
国籍：美国
出生于：1947年
出生地：美国华盛顿州布雷黙顿
职业：建筑师。
1971年毕业于华盛顿大学建筑系，此后在罗马学习建筑，然后在伦敦AAschool学习硕士课程。1976年霍尔先生在纽约设立了自己的事务所。 斯蒂文·霍尔，这位看似欧洲人的美国人，是美国当派且通星团察乙响化往掌代建筑师的代表人物之一。在80年代美国后现代主义建筑时期,东岸以他为首，西岸则以弗兰克·盖里为主。 1993年，霍士班尔参与赫尔辛基当代美术馆的竞标，在516件竞标作品中，他这个外乡刚率常激人大胆地将馆址选在几座赫赫有名的建筑中间：西临国会大厦，东靠中央火车站，北面芬兰音乐厅，同时和轴罪生待抗将学卫识海港遥相呼应。霍尔的设计征服了生性保守的芬兰人，也从此确立自己的国际建筑师的地班明线热机后占位。
霍尔并不张扬，他强调建筑是一种存在。他创办建筑评论杂志，深刻影响美国建筑界，然而他刻意回避成为明星建筑师。在出名之前，霍尔在大学任教，靠菲薄的工资糊口，在一间很小的没有热水的屋子住了11年，型清数睡的是胶合板临时搭成的床，洗澡数刚织只能跑去附近的基督教男青年活动中心。他去日本竞标，业主不信任地把他晾在一边，在半年内找了很多人与他比稿，但最后还是觉责执械故延诉混存应钟得他的方案最好。这样的生镇讨老书承鲜娘参活一直持续到1988年。 土市式事住自裂喜油自霍尔的理论从本质上说，他还是信奉现代主义思想的建筑师，但他也己找走乙两评湖论酒水想不满于现代主意建筑过于掌棉景际含菜移今真可具体，过于冷酷的结构表现。他强调他的设计目的是在于寻找建筑难以琢磨的本质。从这种思维出发，他的设计比较注重强调空间的巧妙处理，强求平淡之中包含精巧的形式和内容。他的作品深卜首入下去就能丰富的设计内涵。
霍尔的建筑被认为是建筑现象学理论在当代建筑上的最充影刘哪顾许婷的分反映。建筑现象学研究从思想轻啊事容取向来分，大致可以分为两个领域，一种采用的是海德格尔的存在主义现象学若家掌工思想，侧重于纯学术理论手朝际合支危常练研究领域，其代表人正含物是著名的诺伯格·舒尔兹（***.norberg-Schulz）。他的一系列著作，频航地部修继致例如《实存、建筑、空间》对海德格尔德《居、住、思》(BuildingDewllingThinking)中的思想进行了建筑化和图像化的解释。他自己也称，《场所精神》是走向建筑现象学的第一步。他认为，只有当人经验了场所和环境的意义时，他才“定居”了。“居”意味着生活发生的空间胡演式从选，这就是场所。而建筑的存在目的就是使得原本抽象、无特征的同一而均质的场址(site)变成有真实、具体的人类行为发生的“场所”(place)。
建筑现象学研究的另一个领域采用的是梅罗·庞蒂的知觉现象学思想，侧重于建筑设计理论和实践；其主要的代表人物就是斯蒂文·霍尔。在诺伯格·舒尔兹的理论基础上，霍尔强调的是“场所”在建筑设计中的决定作用。他认为建筑是与特定的地点具有密切的关系，不能脱离环境论建筑。同时也承认建筑与建筑师的个人经验和倾向的关系。所以，霍尔的建筑中包含了场所因素、个人经验、建筑本身存在因素的密切联系。他的这种思想在建筑设计中的地点因素、地点的历史环境、规划条件、历史因素都考虑在内。他认为，建筑与音乐、绘画、雕塑、电影和文学不同，是与它所存在的特定场所中的经验交织在一起的。 现在，霍尔是哥伦比亚大学建筑学院终身教授。回首看他的那些历年建筑，发现每件都似曾相识，这是因为其灵感大多来自一本书、一段曲：早期作品渤·奥住宅以《白鲸记》为灵感，建筑坐落在一处俯瞰大西洋的小山上，内部的充气骨架结构被翻到外部，使人不由联想到小说中的鲸骨棚屋；2005年，他为比利时设计的“SAILHYBRID”则以超现实主义画家马格利特的壁画《一艘向美人鱼倾吐故事的帆船》为灵感。
也许不做建筑师，霍尔会成为画家。从1977年起，他每天早晨都会画一小时水彩画。那些用水彩绘制的建筑草图，正如绘画一样，承载了霍尔许多想象和感情。
