英美文

我也是学自考的,专业是英语,不过已经毕业了。在上学时英美文学的确是很让人感到头疼的一个学科,不过山在高也会有人去翻越的。其实学英美文学主要是记住选文前面有关作者和文搞候金位员浓罗负妒章的相关介绍。再一个就是要对主要的选文仔细的阅读,特别是几个大家,例如莎士比亚了,他的每个选来自文都非常重要,一定要好好看。还有就是作品和作360问答者要对上。我们考得时候就有作者和作品的匹配题。最后说说我自己总结出来的一个小方法吧。通常是要对一个时期的文学大家自己列一个表,吧又子州破执演者培要自己不看书的写出来,要英国和美国的一起写。因为美国的部分开始的比较岁晚,就可以先弄英国的。自己列好作家之后就针对每个作家写出他们的作品。然后自己想想作品的主要内容。并针对这一时期的文化背景饭丰岁唱功即乱丝各占提炼出一些主要的东西来。我当时就用的这种方法,尤其是绍育完布在临考试前的一个月,这种方法比较有效。英美文学财凯剧责弱史是一个非常好的学科,虽然学的时候很难,但能受益终生。希望你能顺利通过!

这门课基本上没有捷径可走,必朝南须都看一遍,切记,一定要看原文,译文只做参考。生平可以不用看的太详细,但是作品一定要记得滚瓜烂熟,就像初中学历史的时候背的作家和作品一样。英国部分占60分,美国部分占40分,可以按照这个比例去看书。再就是课本最后的教学大纲,按照那个可以帮助你捋顺。再就是做历年真题,一定是真题,出题一般都是从题库里找,有培皮觉个意景棉教独界时好多题可以连续出好几年。英美文学一定要稳扎稳打,除非是对文学本来就有些研究械求来轮称本损里的同学,可能看起来京娘静的证会顺一点。每个作家的风格一定要信手拈来,最后的大题考的就是这些。还有课本上的所有节选一定要知道这是谁的作品,以及这些作品的相关的东西。选择看着眼熟的一般就对了,前提是你得的确看着眼熟。我觉得最重要的就是看课本,一定不能把译文作为主要的来看,和较尼甚声赵磁倍因为出题全是英语。季甚坐终开翻干跟诉冲最后希望你能顺利过关

自考“英美文学选读”课程介绍

英美文学选读英国浪漫主义时期

课程性质与学习目的
英美文学选读课是全国高等教育自学考试英语语言文学专业本科段的必修课程,是为培养和检验自学应考者英修美文学的基本理论知识和理解、鉴赏英美文学原著的能力而设置的一门专业理论课程。设置本课程旨在使英语自学者对英美两国文学形成与发展的全貌有一个大概的了解;并通过阅读具有代表性的英美文学作品,理解作品的内容,学会分析作品的艺术特色并努力掌握正确评价文学作品的标准和方法。由于本课程以作家作品为重点,因此考生需仔细阅读原作。通过阅读,努力提高语言位欢须头地水平,增强对英美文学原著岩鸡求了卫的理解,特别是对作品中表现家判换龙找课关你的社会生活和人物思想感情的理解,提高他们阅读文学作品的能力和鉴赏水平。
根据本课程考试的大纲,凡要求“识记”的内容,所涉及的知识和理论都与考核点直接相关,考生应熟知其概念和有关知识,理解其原理,并能在语言环境中予以辨认。凡要求“领会”的内容,必须做到掌握有关知识和理论。凡要求“应用”的内容,必须做到在掌握有关知识和理论的基础上使之转换为能力,即能用有关知识和理论来分析解决英美文学中的相关问题,并指导作品的阅读。凡要求“一般识记”的内容,所涉及的知识和理论,一般不直接作为考核时命题的内容,但由于这些内容对于其他相关知识和理论以及作品阅读能力的考核有直接或间接的影响,因此要求考生在自学过程对这些内容也要有所了解

自考名师总结:怎样准备英美文学选读 2009年04月09日 19:21 新东方
新东方实用英语学院自考部 黄培辰
英美文学选读这门课程学习比较困难,要记忆和理解的知识很多,学好这门课的关键是要注重以下几个问题。
首先,要注意细节。文学新颁布了考试大纲,明确规定了考核目标。凡是考核目标范围内的作家,一定要仔细阅读,直到能说出以下几个内容才能继续向后复习:1)他的主要作品是什么?2)他的写作主题是什么?3)他的写作风格是什么?4)他是不是这个时代的代表性作家,如果是,那么出大答题的可能性存在不存在?如果这几个问题都能很明确地说出来了,那么考试通过的日子就不远了。
其次,复习一定要有章法。有些同学对细节归纳不够,另外一些同学细节背得还可以,但语言表述能力不行。前一种同学,前面的四十分选择题做的就不理想,后面还有节选题,就更不好办了。后一种同学记得住细节,但是拼写语法错误多,看出来是什么作家了,就是写不对,这么丢分十分遗憾。对于这样的同学,我觉得规定每周看书的进度十分重要,比如4月1日到4月3日,准备复习英国文艺复兴部分,你可以每天上午先把书上的细节看一遍,对内容有一个大致的了解。下午的时候专门背大答题,细节也顾到了,大答题的表述内容记清了,进度控制住了,效率自然就提高了。
还有就是一定要读作家评述后面的节选。有的考生只读关于作家和文学流派的介绍,不读教材中节选的引文,这样做是很危险的。试卷中有从教材里选出引文,要求考生回答作家的名字,作品的题目和对引文的理解。其实这些考生不是不想读后面的引文,而是没有学会阅读的方法。要想读懂后面的选文,关键是了解文学课本的写作特点。你得先弄清楚作家的创作主题和思想(这一部分通常是写在作家评述部分中)然后顺着创作主题到选文中寻找和这些创作思想相符的句子(选文登在后面,和创作主体部分经常是脱节的)这样做才能既少看,还不遗漏内容。比如惠特曼的诗歌,自我之歌的主题是“歌颂个人主义,自由和平等”,用第一人称手法把诗人的思想和大众的思想联系起来,歌颂一个自由的美国。而书后节选中的song of myself中的第一诗节就体现了这种主题: I celebrate myself and I sing myself。(这句话说的是自由和个人主义),Every atom belonging to me as good belong to you。(这句话说得的诗人希望把自己的思想和大众的思想进行联系),很显然,每一个美国人都把歌颂自己变成一个座右铭,一个人人歌颂自由的国度也就必然是一个歌颂自由的国度。总之,一定要前后联系的看节选,先找到主题,再读节选。最后就是大答题不能死记硬背,得想点办法,加快记忆效率。比如背雪莱的西风颂,那么一大段怎么背呀?最简单的办法就是先把中文的大意背下来,再抓住关键字,回想英语的内容是什么。你可以这么背:“西风是雪莱的形象(image),西风是建设和摧毁的力量(constructive and destructive potential),西风是无处不在的力量(universality),用自然神祈祷希望和复生(primitive deity for hope and rebirth)”抓住了关键字,内容不就明确了吗?还有就是要找到作家之间,英美之间的一些相似性,这样对背诵也很有好处。比如课文中谈到托马斯哈代的自然主义时曾有过“性格即命运,环境即命运”的说法,在美国部分讨论德莱塞德自然主义时也有类似的内容,这个时候就要先背好托马斯哈代部分的内容,只有前面的内容背好了,后面的内容才有可能快速掠过,提高学习效率。类似的情况还出现在:狄更斯的创作主题和肖伯纳的创作主题之间有一些关键字是相似的(都谈到了谴责社会虚伪,不公和腐败),英国现代文学创作特点和美国文学创作特点(都提到了from public to private, from chronological to psychic, from objective to subjective)。很多来新东方上课的同学其实开始英语水平都不太高,对文学也很头疼。但是找到了记忆方法之后,反而觉得文学很有意思,最后不仅考出了高分,还喜欢上了文学。这就全在学习方法了。总之,不能一句话一句话的“精读”,时间来不及,考试的时候未必记得住。耽误了时间,延迟了效率,得不偿失。
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自考《英美文学选读》(美)浪漫主义时期(1)

下篇:美国文学

第一章美国浪漫主义时期

一、美国浪漫主义时期概述

Ⅰ。本章学习目的和要求

通过本章学习,了解19世纪初期至中叶美国文学产生的历史、文化背景;认识该时期文学创作的基本待征、基本主张,及其对同时代和后期美国文学的影响;了解该时期主要作家的文学创作生涯、创作思想、艺术特色及其代表作品的主题思想、人物刻画、语言风格等;同时结合注释,读懂所选作品并了解其思想内容和艺术特色,培养理解和欣赏文学作品的能力。

Ⅱ。本章重点及难点:

1.浪漫主义时期美国文学的特点

2.主要作家的创作思想、艺术特色及其代表作品的主题结构、人物刻画、语言风格、思想意义。

3.分析讨论选读作品

Ⅲ。本章考核知识点和考核要求:

1.美国浪漫主义时期概述

(1)“识记”内容:美国浪漫主义文学产生的社会历史及文化背景

(2)“领会”内容: 美国浪漫主义在文学上的表现

a.欧洲浪漫主义文学的影响枝销

b.美国本土文学的崛起及其待证

(3)“应用”内容:清教主义、超验主义、象征主义、自由诗等名词的解释

2.美国浪漫主义时期的主要作家

A.华盛顿。欧文

1.一般识记:欧文的生平及创作主涯

2.识记:《纽约外史》《见闻札记》

3.领会:欧文的创作领域、创作思想,及其作品的艺术风格

4.应用:选读《瑞普。凡。温可尔》的主题及其艺术特色

B.拉尔夫.华尔多.爱默生

1.一般识记:爱默生的生平及创作生涯

2.识记:爱默生的超验主义思想

3.领会:

(1)爱默生的散文:《论自然》《论自助》《论美国学者》等

(2)爱默生与梭罗:梭罗的超验主义思想和他的《沃尔登》

4. 应用:《论自然》节选:爱默生的基本哲 学思想及自然观

C.纳撒尼尔。霍桑

1.一般识记:霍桑的生平及创作主涯

2.识记:霍桑的长桥拿短篇小说

3.领会:

(1)《红字》的主题、心理描写、象征手法和、小说结构

(2)霍桑的清教主义思想及加尔文教条中的“原罪”对霍桑的影响(人性本恶的观点)

(3)霍桑对浪漫主义小说的贡献

4.应用:选读敏搭搭《小伙子布朗》的主题结构、象征手法及语言特色

D.华尔特。惠特曼

1.一般识记:惠特曼的生平及其创作生涯

2.识记:惠特曼的民主思想

3.领会:

(1)惠特曼的《草叶集》的主创意图、思想感情及诗体形式、语言风格

(2)惠特曼的个人主义

4.应用:选读《草叶集》诗选:“一个孩子的成长”、“涉水的骑兵”、“自己之歌”的主题结构、诗歌的艺术特色、语言风格

E.赫尔曼。麦尔维尔

1.一般识记:麦尔维尔的生平及创作生涯

2.识记:麦尔维尔的早期作品:《玛地》《雷得本》《白外衣》,后期作品《皮埃尔》《骗子的化装表演》《比利伯德》等

3.领会:《白鲸》的

(1)主题:表层及深层意义

(2)小说结构:浪漫主义和现实主义的统一

(3)象征手法和寓言的运用

(4)语言特色

4.应用:选读《白鲸》最后一章的节选:主题思想、人物刻画、象征手法、语言特色

Chapter l The Romantic Period

(一)“识记”内容:

1.The origin of Romantic American literature

The Romantic Period, one of the most important periods in thehistory of American literature, stretches from the end of the 18th century to the outbreak of the Civil War. It started with the publication of Washington Irving’s The Sketch Book and ended with Whitman’s Leaves of Grass.

2.The American Renaissance or New England Renaissance is a period of the great flowering of American literature, from the i830s roughly until the end of the American Civil War. It came of age as an expression of a national spirit. One of the most important influences in the period was that of the Transcendentalists, including Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau. The Transcendentalists contributed to the founding of a new national culture based on native elements. Apart from the Transcendentalists, there emerged during this period great imaginative writers ——Nathaniel Hawthorne, Herman Melville, and Walt Whitman——whose novels and poetry left a permanent imprint on American literature.

3.Its social historical and cultural background

The development of the American society nurtured "the literature of a great nation." America was flourishing into a politically, economically and culturally independent country. Historically, it was the time of westward expansion in America economically, the whole nation was experiencing an industrial transformation. Politically, democracy and equa1ity became the ideal of the new nation, and the two-party system came into being. Worthy of mention is the literary and cultural life of the country. With the founding of the American Independent Government, the nation felt an urge to have its own literary expression, to make known its new experience that other nations did not have: the early Puritan settlement, the confrontation with the Indians, the frontiersmen''''''''s life, and the wild west. Besides, the nation’s literary milieu was ready for the Romantic movement as we11. Thus, with a strong sense of optimism, a spectacular outburst of romantic feeling was brought about in the first ha1f of the 19th century.

4.Major writers of this period

There emerged a great host of men of letters during this period, among whom the better-known are poets such as Philip Freneau, William Cullen Bryant, Henry Wordsworth Long Fellow, James Russel Lowell, John Greenleaf Whitter, Edgar Ellen Poe, and, especially, Walt Whitman, whose Leaves Of Grass established him as the most popular American poet of the 19th century. The fiction of the American Romantic period is an original and diverse body of work. It ranges from the comic fables of Washington Irving to the The Gothic tales of Edgar Allen Poe, from the frontier adventures of James Fenimore Cooper to the narrative quests of Herman Melville, from the psycho1ogical romances of Nathaniel Hawthorne to the social realism of Rebecca Harding Davis.

(二)领会内容

1.The impact of European Romanticism on American Romanticism

Foreign literary masters, especially the English counterparts exerted a stimulating impact on the writers of the new world. Born of one common cultural heritage, the American writers shared some common features with the English Romanticists. They revolted against the literary forms and ideas of the period of classicism by developing some relatively new forms of fiction or poetry.

(1) They put emphasis upon the imaginative and emotional qualities of literature, which included a liking for the picturesque, the exotic, the sensuous, the sensational, and the supernatural.

(2) The Americans also placed an increasing emphasis on the free expression of emotions and disp1ayed an increasing attention to the psychic states of their characters. Heroes and heroines exhibited extremes of sensitivity and excitement.

(3) The strong tendency to exalt the individual and the common man was almost a national religion in America. Writers like Freneau, Bryant, and Cooper showed a great interest in external nature in their respective works.

(4) The literary use of the more colorfu1 aspects of the past was also to be found in Irving’s effort to exploit the legends of the Hudson River region, and in Cooper’s long series of historical tales.

(5) In short, American Romanticism is, in a certain way, derivative.

2.The unique characteristics of American Romanticism

Although greatly influenced by their English counterparts, the American romantic writers revealed unique characteristics of their own in their works and they grew on the native lands. For examp1e,(1) the American national experience of "pioneering into the west" proved to be a rich source of material for American writers to draw upon. They celebrated America''''''''s landscape with its virgin forests, meadows, groves, endless prairies, streams, and vast oceans. The wilderness came to function almost as a dramatic character that symbolized moral 1aw. (2)The desire for an escape from society and a return to nature became a permanent convention of American literature. Such a desire is particularly evident in Cooper’s Leather Stocking Tales, in Thoreau''''''''s Walden and, later, in Mark Twain’s Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. (3) With the growth of American national consciousness, American character types speaking local dialects appeared in poetry and fiction with increasing frequency. (4) Then the American Puritanism as a cultural heritage exerted great influences over American moral values and American Romanticism. One of the manifestations is the fact that American romantic writers tended more to moralize than their English and European counterparts. (5) Besides, a preoccupation with the Calvinistic view of origina1 sin and the mystery of evil marked the works of Hawthorne, Melville and a host of lesser writers.

(三)应用内容

1. The American Puritanism and its great influence over American moral values, as is shown in American romantic writings.

(1) American Puritanism

Puritanism is the practices and beliefs of the Puritans. (The Puritans were originally members of a division of the Protestant Church, who came into existence in the reigns Queen Elizabeth and King James Ⅰ。The first settlers who became the founding fathers of the American nation were quite a few of them Puritans. They came to America out of various reasons, but it should be remembered that they were a group of serious, religious people, advocating highly religious and moral principles. As the word itself hints, Puritans wanted to purify their religious beliefs and practices. They felt that the Church of England was too close to the Church of Rome in doctrine form of worship, and organization of authority.) The American Puritans, like their brothers back in England, were idealists, believing that the church should be restored to complete "purity". They accepted the doctrine of predestination, original sin and total depravity, and limited atonement through a special infusion of grace from God. But in the grim struggle for survival that followed immediately after their arrival in America, they became more and more practical, as indeed they had to be. Puritans were noted for a spirit of moral and religious earnestness that determinated their whole way of life. Puritans'''''''' lives were extremely disciplined and hard. They drove out of their settlements all those opinions that seemed dangerous to them, and history has criticized their actions. Yet in the persecution of what they considered error, the Puritans were no worse than many other movements in history. As a culture heritage, Puritanism did have a profound influence on the early American mind and American values. American Puritanism also had a conspicuously noticeable and an enduring influence on American literature. It had become, to some extent, so much a state of mind, so much a part of the national cultural atmosphere, rather than a set of tenets.

(2) One of the manifestations is the fact that American romantic writers tended more to moralize than their English and European counterparts. Besides, a preoccupation with the Calvinistic view of origina1 sin and the mystery of evil marked the works of Hawthorne, Melville and a host of lesser writers.

2. New England Transcendentalism

New England Transcendentalism is the mot clearly defined Romantic literary movement in this period. It was started in the area around Concord, Mass. by a group of intellectual and the literary men of the United States such as Emerson, Henry David Thoreau who were members of an informal club, i. e. the Transcendental Club in New England in the l830s. The transcendentalists reacted against the cold, rigid rationalism of Unitarianism in Boston. They adhered to an idealistic system of thought based on a belief in the essential unity of all creation , the innate goodness of man, and the supremacy of insight over logic and experience for the revelation of the deepest truths. The writings of the transcendentalists prepared the ground of their contemporaries such as Walt Whitman, Herman Melville, and Nathaniel Hawthorne.

The main issues involved in the debate were generally philosophical, concerning nature, man and the universe. Basically, Transcendentalism has been defined philosophical1y as "the recognition in man of the capacity of knowing truth intuitively, or of attaining knowledge transcending the reach of the senses." Emerson once proclaimed in a speech, "Nothing is at last sacred but the integrity of your own mind." Other concepts that accompanied Transcendentalism inc1ude the idea that nature is ennobling and the idea that the individual is divine and, therefore, self-re1iant.

3. American Romanticists differed in their understanding of human nature.

To the transcendentalists such as Emerson and Thoreau, man is divine in nature and therefore forever perfectible; but to Hawthorne and Melville, everybody is potentially a sinner, and great moral courage is therefore indispensab1e for the improvement of human nature, as is shown in Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter.

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