简述浪漫主义时期意大利歌剧的发展？
16、17世纪之交产生的意大利歌剧，是文艺复兴运动在音乐上的最大成果，它标志着一个新的音乐时代——巴罗克音乐时期的开始。歌剧是集音乐、戏剧、舞蹈等于一体的综合艺术形式，由于歌剧在意大利音乐史上占有重要地位，因此它的发展史也可以说是意大利的音乐史，意大利歌剧在整个欧洲音乐的发展中留下了光辉灿烂的一页。
1、浪漫主义时期意大利歌剧的特点意大利歌剧产生于巴罗克时期，并在这一百五十年的时间里辗转于意大利各大城市，期间它经历了产生、发展和成熟三个阶段，并影响了欧洲各国。佩里和卡契尼等作曲家使歌剧初具雏形，蒙特威尔第和A.斯卡拉蒂使歌剧趋于完善，并使它在欧洲音乐史上占有重要地位；随后意大利歌剧在发展中经历了三个重要时期：古典主义时期、浪漫主义时期和真实主义时期，其中后两个时期最关键。音乐史上的浪漫主义时期大约是19世纪前后的100多年，该时期的音乐不像巴罗克音乐那样壮观、华丽，在细节上精致修饰；也不像古典主义音乐那样具有精练、朴实的音乐语言，形式结构明晰匀称；它更多地强调个性与自我感受，无拘无束地表达情感世界，体现了浪漫主义所特有的激情。浪漫主义音乐的这些特点都在意大利浪漫主义歌剧中得到了体现，它强调强烈的感情渲染、个人主义精神的展现以及强烈的个性表现，重视歌唱性和抒情性，以自由、平等、博爱为创作宗旨，反对古典主义音乐的传统形式和内容，作曲家们期望最大程度地体验各种感受。这些都是当时意大利歌剧的鲜明特点。2、浪漫主义时期意大利歌剧发展的背景浪漫主义时期意大利歌剧的发展和成熟与法国大革命的影响是不可分割的，法国大革命促进了意大利民族意识的觉醒，整个19世纪意大利人民都在为民族统一和独立而斗争，所以民族主义问题成为影响当时音乐发展的主要因素。浪漫主义者强调音乐文化的民族精神，作曲家们也在关注不同民族文化的差异性，这使得一些民族文化复兴运动高涨的国家形成了具有自身特色的传统音乐。同时，浪漫主义思潮与现实的民族斗争结合在一起，带来了意大利文化的繁荣，使18世纪末衰退的歌剧艺术重获新生。虽然浪漫主义因素对欧洲各国有着深远的影响，但对意大利歌剧来说，它没有像德奥或法国音乐那样具有激进的浪漫主义倾向，而是更多地扎根于本民族生活的原有传统，遵循本民族的审美习惯和歌剧体裁的传统，所以浪漫主义因素只是逐步地渗入意大利歌剧。意大利喜歌剧和正歌剧两种体裁直到19世纪仍然并存发展，但是它们的基本任务从体现民间生活转向为发展民族文化而斗争，使歌剧艺术受到时代生活的影响而形成新的风格。
3、浪漫主义时期意大利歌剧的发展过程浪漫主义风格的意大利歌剧从罗西尼开始，经过贝里尼、唐尼采蒂到威尔第早期，内容主要体现了爱国情感与英雄主义。到威尔第的创作后期，出现了新的音乐潮流——真实主义歌剧，马斯卡尼的《乡村骑士》（1890）、列昂卡瓦洛的《丑角》（1892）、普契尼的《艺术家的生涯》（1894）等作品是推动这股潮流向前发展的代表作。真实主义歌剧不仅保持了真实主义文学反映社会现实生活的特点，而且还继承了来自法国比才《卡门》的现实主义传统。19世纪早期浪漫主义风格的意大利歌剧代表作曲家：罗西尼（1792-1868），意大利歌剧最多产的作曲家，他生活在浪漫主义早期，是古典主义歌剧与浪漫主义歌剧过渡时期的重要作曲家。他创作的近四十部歌剧为意大利歌剧注入了新的活力和色彩，他的《塞维利亚的理发师》集意大利喜剧的精华，语言生动，形式自由，是意大利喜歌剧的代表作；《威廉·退尔》则是大歌剧的经典作品，为19世纪的歌剧创作提供了新的经验。他在遵循意大利传统歌剧创作原则的基础上进行歌剧改革，缩小了宣叙调和咏叹调的区别，把歌剧中独立的分曲形式发展成“场”的结构，并在音乐高潮时创用了“罗西尼渐强”的表现方式。他复兴了意大利歌剧艺术，使它与德国歌剧、法国歌剧形成抗衡。如果把1820——1850年称为美声时期，那么罗西尼就是这个美声时期的缔造者。他为歌剧带来了神奇和欢笑，使人们重新回忆起意大利歌剧一枝独秀的魅力。唐尼采蒂（GactanoDonizetti，1797-1848）和贝里尼（V.Bellini，1801-1835）延续和发展了罗西尼的歌剧风格，前者旋律丰富多彩，炫耀声乐技巧，由于过多强调感官上的愉悦而缺乏内涵，但对意大利“美声”学派的产生有着直接的影响，《拉美摩尔的露西亚》和《爱的甘醇》是他的倾情之作；后者重视音乐与语言的关系，强调音乐的表情作用，旋律纯朴自然而富有感染力，《诺尔玛》、《清教徒》，特别是《梦游女》，以其抒情和细腻令人陶醉。他们使意大利浪漫主义歌剧逐渐成熟，通过努力确立了意大利歌剧的地位。意大利歌剧在唐尼采蒂、贝里尼之后的很长一段时间都没有超越这两位大师的作曲家出现，直到威尔第的出现才真正使意大利浪漫主义歌剧有了起色，并将它发展到极致。威尔第（GiusppeVerdi，1813-1901）是一位革新者，他受民族独立运动思潮的影响，作品内容涉及社会各阶层的人物，使意大利歌剧摆脱了思想和创作方面的危机；他把意大利的文学艺术和现实主义结合在一起，使作品既具有崇高思想，又被人们广泛接受。音乐上，他在大多数歌剧作品中依旧遵循分曲结构的写法，同时又着重研究瓦格纳歌剧的特点，并对它分场而不分曲的结构和主导动机的手法加以创造性的运用，在保持民族风格与传统习惯的同时，创作出富于戏剧力量、光彩动人的旋律。他一生共创作了26部歌剧，较著名的有：《弄臣》、《游吟诗人》、《茶花女》、《唐·卡洛斯》、《阿伊达》、《奥赛罗》。威尔第创造出真正意义的现实主义歌剧，他使意大利歌剧传统在欧洲浪漫主义时代，不仅保持着民族本色，而且焕发出勃勃生机。到19世纪晚期，欧洲文学界掀起了以法国左拉（1840-1902）为代表的真实主义运动，同时意大利也兴起了真实主义文艺思潮。真实主义作家们力求真实地描写和表现社会生活的现实状况，并客观地再现生活。第一部真实主义歌剧是马斯卡尼（PietroMascagni，1863—1945）创作的《乡村骑士》（CavalleriaRusticanA.，这部歌剧吸引了众多观众，开真实主义歌剧的先河，并确立了真实主义歌剧作为一种风格流派在音乐史上的地位。紧随其后的另一部作品《丑角》（Paliacci英文译为“Punchinello”或“Clown”）是同一时期作曲家列昂卡瓦洛（RuggieroLeoncavallo，1857—1919）的杰作，虽然《丑角》的音乐不如《乡村骑士》那么优美，但它却更获得群众的理解，更真实地再现现实生活的情景。在同一时期最卓越的作曲家当属普契尼（GiacomoPuccini，1858-1924），他创作了一批具有真实主义歌剧特征的经典作品，如《绣花女》、《托斯卡》、《蝴蝶夫人》、《图兰多》等。他的歌剧结构简练，力求直接地表达剧本所提示的戏剧感染力，注重旋律与戏剧的贯穿发展，抛开咏叹调与宣叙调截然分开的传统，善于用音乐渲染气氛；擅长塑造各种柔弱的、生活苦难的妇女形象，如绣花女咪咪、歌伎巧巧桑、歌女托斯卡、女仆柳儿等；另外他还喜欢把东方异国情调的音乐作为创作素材。普契尼歌剧改变了意大利歌剧只重人声不重器乐的状况，他在继承威尔第等大师传统的基础上，揭开了20世纪意大利歌剧的新篇章。
4、浪漫主义时期意大利歌剧的影响意大利歌剧从16、17世纪开始，经过了18世纪的歌剧改革，到19世纪的成熟发展，经历了三个时期，它们使意大利歌剧的结构更完美，也使音乐、舞蹈、文学、舞美、音响等形成一个整体，共同构成歌剧不可缺少的组成部分。浪漫主义时期意大利歌剧的内容、旋律、美声演唱等，对当时的欧洲各国甚至后世都有着深远的影响。
英美文学｜浪漫主义时期
｜浪漫主义时期｜• 简介
英国浪漫主义时期一般被认为始于1798年，标志为华兹华斯与柯勒律治的《抒情歌谣集》的出版，终于1832年，标志为沃尔特•司各特的去世及议会的第一悔穗个改革提案的通过。
Gothic novel ,a type of romantic fiction that predominanted in the late eighteenth century, was one phase of the Romantic movement.Its principal elements are violence, horror,and the supernatural,which strongly appeal to the reader’s emotion.
哥特式小说是浪漫主义运动的一种形式 盛于浪漫主义前期18世纪末。
小说主要元素：暴力，恐怖，超自然力量的描写。
VIP :
1.William Blake
2.William Wordsworth
3.Percy Bysshe Shelley
4.Jane Austen
How is Romanticism different from Neoclassicism? Provide brief evidence from the literary works you know best.
1: Neoclassicists upheld that artistic ideals should be order,logic, restrained emotion and accuracy, and that literature should be judged in terms of its service to humanity, and thus, literary expression should be of proportion, unity, harmony and grace.
2: Romanticists tended to see the individual as the very center of all experience, including art, and thus, literary work should be “spontaneous overflow of strong feelings ”, and no matter how fragmentary those experiences were, the value of the work lied in the accuracy of presenting those unique feelings and particular attitudes.
3: In a word, Neoclassicism emphasizes rationality and form but Romanticism attached great importance to the individual’s mind.
威廉•布莱克 生于伦敦一个爱尔兰裔小商人家庭，一生中，他都身碧灶卜兼诗人与雕刻家两重角色，他的天才在他的有生之年是默默无闻的，只是在他去世后才被人挖掘出来并一举成名。
在文学上，布莱克是第一位重要的浪漫主义诗人，表现出对理性至上的轻视，对18世纪古典主义的叛逆以及对个人幻想的重视。
布莱克的代表作《天真之歌》表述了一个愉快而纯洁的世界，尽管这个世界也偶有苦难与罪恶。《经验之歌》则描绘了一个截然不同的世界，一个充满苦难、贫穷、疾病与战争的世界，笔调极为忧伤压抑。
《天真之歌》中不少诗篇都在《经验之歌》中有着姊妹辩高篇。比如“孩童之欣喜”与“孩童之忧愁”对应，纯洁的羔羊与燃烧的猛虎对应。两部诗集主题相似，笔调不同。
1.| Songs of Innocence & Songs of Experience |
【 Brief introduce 】
A. The Songs of Innocence is a lovely volume of poems, presenting a happy and innocent world, though not without its evils and sufferings.
B. His Songs of Experience paints a different world, a world of misery, poverty, disease, war and repression with a melancholy tone.
C. Childhood is the central to Blake's concern in the Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience.
2. | Tyger |
What does "symmetry" mean?
The well-proportioned body of the tiger.
What does "tyger" refer to?
There are different opinions about the tiger. Some say the tiger is made by God. Others say it is made by men. One more idea thinks that The Tyger is a poem about work, about artistic creation.
Please make a comment on William Blake's poetry.
A. His first collection of poems Poetical Sketches is one of youthful verse with joy, laughter, love and harmony as its prevailing notes.
B. The second volume of his Songs of Innocence presents a happy and innocent world.
C. The third — Songs of Experience paints a different world, a world of misery, poverty, disease, war and repression with a melancholy tone.
The last two hold the similar subject-matter, but their tone, emphasis and conclusion differ. Childhood remains central to the poet's concern in the two, with a number of poems from them can be pairs.
For example, the two poems both entitled "Chimney Sweeper" are such pairs, for the one in the Songs of Innocence indicates the conditions of the exploitation of child labor, which make religion a consolation, but the one in the Songs of Experience reveals the true nature of religion which helps bring misery to the poor children.
D. The maturity of Blake's poetry is shown in his poem Marriage of Heaven and Hell in which the relationship of the contraries is explored, for in the poet's eyes, "without contraries, there is no progression."
What does the poem "The Chimney Sweeper (from Songs of Experience)" reveal?
The two “Chimney Sweeper”poems are good examples to reveal the relation between an economic circumstance, i.e.the exploitation of child labor, and ideological circumstance. i.e.the role played by religion in making people compliant to exploitation.In the Songs of Experience reveals the true nature of religion which helps bring misery to the poor children.
威廉•华兹华斯
• 1797年，结识了科勒律治，两人成为知心密友，合作完成了《抒情歌谣集》。
• 诗人骚塞、科勒律治、和华兹华斯三人一并成为“湖畔诗人”。
• 1842年，华兹华斯荣获政府津贴，次年他压倒骚塞成为“桂冠诗人”（Poet Laureate）
• 华兹华斯被称为“大自然的膜拜者”。
• 华兹华斯是一个怀旧的诗人，对他来说，生命犹如轮回的旅程，生命之始也是生命之终。他的这种人生哲学体现在他的代表作《序曲》中。
• 华兹华斯追求简洁朴素的风格，厌恶粉饰真实。他强调诗歌创作最要紧的是把握素材的真实来源，即“在静谧中找回情感”。他的创作理论核心是普通人的生活经历。
• 华兹华斯是英国诗歌史上的巨星，是浪漫主义时期的杰出代表，他号召人们用清新、自然、关心的目光去看待周围的事物，开创了运用百姓生活语言写诗的新道路，并号召人们回归自然。
作家作品：
The Prelude
Composed upon Westminster Brige
Lyrical Ballads
I Wondered Lonely as a Cloud
The Solitary Reaper
1. | I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud |
This poem typically depicts the author's respect for nature. / His love for the daffodils.
2. | Composed upon Westminster Brige |
3. | She Dwelt Among the Untrodden Ways |
《独自幽居》By comparing a country girl (Lucy) to a violet, the poet intends to show her quality of beauty and her virtue which are often neglected by the common people just like a wild flower blooming by an untrodden road.
4. | The Solitary Reaper |
《孤独的收割者》It tells us, to Romanticists, poetry is an expression of an individual's feelings and experience no matter how fragmentary and momentary these feelings and experiences are. (无论他们的情感是微不足道的还是伟大的)
| Questions |
Please discuss the significance of William Wordsworth's poetry in the history of English literature.
A. First of all, Wordsworth's theory, as stated in his "preface" to the second edition of the Lyrical Ballads, serves as a manifesto of Romanticism. The poet takes the direct experience of the senses as the source of poetic truth as poetry comes from the "emotion recollected in tranquillity". The significance of the "Preface" also presents itself in the poet's advocation of the writing of the common people in ordinary language.
B. Secondly, his practice is what his theory implies, for the joys and sorrows of the common people are his themes, in many of his poems such as the "Lucy poems".
C. Thirdly, natural scenery with its beauty and mystery acts also as one of his favorite themes and the sympathy out of the poet's nature towards the poor in rural places becomes part of his concern.
D. Finally, the seemingly simplicity of the poet both in diction and description is immersed in a profound and sympathetic longing for a better world. So the most important contribution he has made is that he has not only started the modern poetry, the poetry of his growing inner self, but also changed the course of English poetry by using ordinary speech of the language and by advocating a return to nature.
雪莱 出生于一个富有家庭，父亲是个保守的乡绅，母亲貌美。
• 雪莱对自由的渴望及对暴政的憎恶都体现在诗作中，如《自由颂》《那不勒斯颂》等。
• 雪莱最著名的政治抒情诗是《致英格兰人民》，诗中号召工人，农民起来斗争，在宪章运动时期成为英国共产党的战歌。
• 雪莱最著名的抒情诗当属《西风颂》。瑟瑟寒风熄灭了一年的生机，却孕育着新春的希望，诗人希望自己也化作这西风，把他对未来的预言传遍人间。
• 雪莱最有造诣的作品是他的四幕诗剧《被解放的普罗米修斯》。
• 雪莱的诗歌语言清新别致，文化底蕴深厚，含有丰富的典故，并多用拟人和隐喻，将我们看到的事物完全生动地描绘出来。
作家作品：
To a Skylark
Men of England
Ode to the West Wind
| Men of England |
《致英格兰人民》It is not only a war cry calling upon all working people to rise up against their political oppressors, but an address to them pointing out the intolerable injustice of economic exploitation.
* "drones" refers to the parasitic class in human society.
* "bees of England" refers to the laboring people in England.
| Ode to the West Wind | (theme)
The poem expresses his eagerness to enjoy the boundless freedom from the reality.
【 奥斯汀一生完成六部作品，她的处女作《理智与情感》讲述了一对姐妹的恋爱经历》；《傲慢与偏见》是她最著名的作品。在写作风格上，她倡导新古典主义，坚持理性、秩序、典雅的原则。奥斯汀的创作主题总与个人的生活及人际关系有关，正因如此，她的作品具有普遍的意义。】
| Pride and Prejudice | (Theme)
A. It was oringinally drafted as "First Impressions" in 1796, is the most delightful of Jane Austen's works. The title tells of a major concern of the novel: pride and prejudice.
| Questions |
What are Austen's writing features?
Jane Austen is one of the realistic novelists. Austen's work has a very narrow literary field. Her novels show a wealth of humor, wit and delicate satire.
Based on her writings discuss Jane Austen's greatest contribution to English literature.
A. Jane Austen is one of the most important Romantic novelists in English literature. She creates six influential novels.
B. Her main literary concern is about human beings in their personal relationships. She makes trivial daily life as important as the concerns about human belief, career and salient social event. This is what makes her important in English literature.
C. Jane Austen has brought the English novel, as an art of form, to its maturity because of her sensitivity to universal patterns of human behavior and her accurate portrayal of human individuals.
D. She describe the world from a woman's point of view, and depicts a group of authentic and common women.
Make comments on Austen's attitude towards the three kinds of motivations of marriage the middle class people had in the second of the 18th century. (with specific examples from Pride and Prejudice )
A. Motivation one: to pursue material interest through marriage;
B. Motivation two: to seek sensual pleasure and beauty; Lydia and Mr,Bennet are examples of this kind.
C. Motivation three: to search for true love and also take personal merits and financial position into consideration; Elizabeth Bennet is a typical example of this kind.
Austen celebrated the third kind of motivation of marriage while criticizing the first two wrong motivations.
……
带思维导图版笔记在这里: 英美文学笔记
