英美文学｜浪漫主义时期
｜浪漫主义时期｜• 简介
英国浪漫主义时期一般被认为始于1798年，标志为华兹华斯与柯勒律治的《抒情歌谣集》的出版，终于1832年，标志为沃尔特•司各特的去世及议会的第一悔穗个改革提案的通过。
Gothic novel ,a type of romantic fiction that predominanted in the late eighteenth century, was one phase of the Romantic movement.Its principal elements are violence, horror,and the supernatural,which strongly appeal to the reader’s emotion.
哥特式小说是浪漫主义运动的一种形式 盛于浪漫主义前期18世纪末。
小说主要元素：暴力，恐怖，超自然力量的描写。
VIP :
1.William Blake
2.William Wordsworth
3.Percy Bysshe Shelley
4.Jane Austen
How is Romanticism different from Neoclassicism? Provide brief evidence from the literary works you know best.
1: Neoclassicists upheld that artistic ideals should be order,logic, restrained emotion and accuracy, and that literature should be judged in terms of its service to humanity, and thus, literary expression should be of proportion, unity, harmony and grace.
2: Romanticists tended to see the individual as the very center of all experience, including art, and thus, literary work should be “spontaneous overflow of strong feelings ”, and no matter how fragmentary those experiences were, the value of the work lied in the accuracy of presenting those unique feelings and particular attitudes.
3: In a word, Neoclassicism emphasizes rationality and form but Romanticism attached great importance to the individual’s mind.
威廉•布莱克 生于伦敦一个爱尔兰裔小商人家庭，一生中，他都身碧灶卜兼诗人与雕刻家两重角色，他的天才在他的有生之年是默默无闻的，只是在他去世后才被人挖掘出来并一举成名。
在文学上，布莱克是第一位重要的浪漫主义诗人，表现出对理性至上的轻视，对18世纪古典主义的叛逆以及对个人幻想的重视。
布莱克的代表作《天真之歌》表述了一个愉快而纯洁的世界，尽管这个世界也偶有苦难与罪恶。《经验之歌》则描绘了一个截然不同的世界，一个充满苦难、贫穷、疾病与战争的世界，笔调极为忧伤压抑。
《天真之歌》中不少诗篇都在《经验之歌》中有着姊妹辩高篇。比如“孩童之欣喜”与“孩童之忧愁”对应，纯洁的羔羊与燃烧的猛虎对应。两部诗集主题相似，笔调不同。
1.| Songs of Innocence & Songs of Experience |
【 Brief introduce 】
A. The Songs of Innocence is a lovely volume of poems, presenting a happy and innocent world, though not without its evils and sufferings.
B. His Songs of Experience paints a different world, a world of misery, poverty, disease, war and repression with a melancholy tone.
C. Childhood is the central to Blake's concern in the Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience.
2. | Tyger |
What does "symmetry" mean?
The well-proportioned body of the tiger.
What does "tyger" refer to?
There are different opinions about the tiger. Some say the tiger is made by God. Others say it is made by men. One more idea thinks that The Tyger is a poem about work, about artistic creation.
Please make a comment on William Blake's poetry.
A. His first collection of poems Poetical Sketches is one of youthful verse with joy, laughter, love and harmony as its prevailing notes.
B. The second volume of his Songs of Innocence presents a happy and innocent world.
C. The third — Songs of Experience paints a different world, a world of misery, poverty, disease, war and repression with a melancholy tone.
The last two hold the similar subject-matter, but their tone, emphasis and conclusion differ. Childhood remains central to the poet's concern in the two, with a number of poems from them can be pairs.
For example, the two poems both entitled "Chimney Sweeper" are such pairs, for the one in the Songs of Innocence indicates the conditions of the exploitation of child labor, which make religion a consolation, but the one in the Songs of Experience reveals the true nature of religion which helps bring misery to the poor children.
D. The maturity of Blake's poetry is shown in his poem Marriage of Heaven and Hell in which the relationship of the contraries is explored, for in the poet's eyes, "without contraries, there is no progression."
What does the poem "The Chimney Sweeper (from Songs of Experience)" reveal?
The two “Chimney Sweeper”poems are good examples to reveal the relation between an economic circumstance, i.e.the exploitation of child labor, and ideological circumstance. i.e.the role played by religion in making people compliant to exploitation.In the Songs of Experience reveals the true nature of religion which helps bring misery to the poor children.
威廉•华兹华斯
• 1797年，结识了科勒律治，两人成为知心密友，合作完成了《抒情歌谣集》。
• 诗人骚塞、科勒律治、和华兹华斯三人一并成为“湖畔诗人”。
• 1842年，华兹华斯荣获政府津贴，次年他压倒骚塞成为“桂冠诗人”（Poet Laureate）
• 华兹华斯被称为“大自然的膜拜者”。
• 华兹华斯是一个怀旧的诗人，对他来说，生命犹如轮回的旅程，生命之始也是生命之终。他的这种人生哲学体现在他的代表作《序曲》中。
• 华兹华斯追求简洁朴素的风格，厌恶粉饰真实。他强调诗歌创作最要紧的是把握素材的真实来源，即“在静谧中找回情感”。他的创作理论核心是普通人的生活经历。
• 华兹华斯是英国诗歌史上的巨星，是浪漫主义时期的杰出代表，他号召人们用清新、自然、关心的目光去看待周围的事物，开创了运用百姓生活语言写诗的新道路，并号召人们回归自然。
作家作品：
The Prelude
Composed upon Westminster Brige
Lyrical Ballads
I Wondered Lonely as a Cloud
The Solitary Reaper
1. | I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud |
This poem typically depicts the author's respect for nature. / His love for the daffodils.
2. | Composed upon Westminster Brige |
3. | She Dwelt Among the Untrodden Ways |
《独自幽居》By comparing a country girl (Lucy) to a violet, the poet intends to show her quality of beauty and her virtue which are often neglected by the common people just like a wild flower blooming by an untrodden road.
4. | The Solitary Reaper |
《孤独的收割者》It tells us, to Romanticists, poetry is an expression of an individual's feelings and experience no matter how fragmentary and momentary these feelings and experiences are. (无论他们的情感是微不足道的还是伟大的)
| Questions |
Please discuss the significance of William Wordsworth's poetry in the history of English literature.
A. First of all, Wordsworth's theory, as stated in his "preface" to the second edition of the Lyrical Ballads, serves as a manifesto of Romanticism. The poet takes the direct experience of the senses as the source of poetic truth as poetry comes from the "emotion recollected in tranquillity". The significance of the "Preface" also presents itself in the poet's advocation of the writing of the common people in ordinary language.
B. Secondly, his practice is what his theory implies, for the joys and sorrows of the common people are his themes, in many of his poems such as the "Lucy poems".
C. Thirdly, natural scenery with its beauty and mystery acts also as one of his favorite themes and the sympathy out of the poet's nature towards the poor in rural places becomes part of his concern.
D. Finally, the seemingly simplicity of the poet both in diction and description is immersed in a profound and sympathetic longing for a better world. So the most important contribution he has made is that he has not only started the modern poetry, the poetry of his growing inner self, but also changed the course of English poetry by using ordinary speech of the language and by advocating a return to nature.
雪莱 出生于一个富有家庭，父亲是个保守的乡绅，母亲貌美。
• 雪莱对自由的渴望及对暴政的憎恶都体现在诗作中，如《自由颂》《那不勒斯颂》等。
• 雪莱最著名的政治抒情诗是《致英格兰人民》，诗中号召工人，农民起来斗争，在宪章运动时期成为英国共产党的战歌。
• 雪莱最著名的抒情诗当属《西风颂》。瑟瑟寒风熄灭了一年的生机，却孕育着新春的希望，诗人希望自己也化作这西风，把他对未来的预言传遍人间。
• 雪莱最有造诣的作品是他的四幕诗剧《被解放的普罗米修斯》。
• 雪莱的诗歌语言清新别致，文化底蕴深厚，含有丰富的典故，并多用拟人和隐喻，将我们看到的事物完全生动地描绘出来。
作家作品：
To a Skylark
Men of England
Ode to the West Wind
| Men of England |
《致英格兰人民》It is not only a war cry calling upon all working people to rise up against their political oppressors, but an address to them pointing out the intolerable injustice of economic exploitation.
* "drones" refers to the parasitic class in human society.
* "bees of England" refers to the laboring people in England.
| Ode to the West Wind | (theme)
The poem expresses his eagerness to enjoy the boundless freedom from the reality.
【 奥斯汀一生完成六部作品，她的处女作《理智与情感》讲述了一对姐妹的恋爱经历》；《傲慢与偏见》是她最著名的作品。在写作风格上，她倡导新古典主义，坚持理性、秩序、典雅的原则。奥斯汀的创作主题总与个人的生活及人际关系有关，正因如此，她的作品具有普遍的意义。】
| Pride and Prejudice | (Theme)
A. It was oringinally drafted as "First Impressions" in 1796, is the most delightful of Jane Austen's works. The title tells of a major concern of the novel: pride and prejudice.
| Questions |
What are Austen's writing features?
Jane Austen is one of the realistic novelists. Austen's work has a very narrow literary field. Her novels show a wealth of humor, wit and delicate satire.
Based on her writings discuss Jane Austen's greatest contribution to English literature.
A. Jane Austen is one of the most important Romantic novelists in English literature. She creates six influential novels.
B. Her main literary concern is about human beings in their personal relationships. She makes trivial daily life as important as the concerns about human belief, career and salient social event. This is what makes her important in English literature.
C. Jane Austen has brought the English novel, as an art of form, to its maturity because of her sensitivity to universal patterns of human behavior and her accurate portrayal of human individuals.
D. She describe the world from a woman's point of view, and depicts a group of authentic and common women.
Make comments on Austen's attitude towards the three kinds of motivations of marriage the middle class people had in the second of the 18th century. (with specific examples from Pride and Prejudice )
A. Motivation one: to pursue material interest through marriage;
B. Motivation two: to seek sensual pleasure and beauty; Lydia and Mr,Bennet are examples of this kind.
C. Motivation three: to search for true love and also take personal merits and financial position into consideration; Elizabeth Bennet is a typical example of this kind.
Austen celebrated the third kind of motivation of marriage while criticizing the first two wrong motivations.
……
带思维导图版笔记在这里: 英美文学笔记
西方历史中的浪漫主义时期，被称为歌曲之王的是？
歌曲之王——舒伯特
1827年3月底，当德国大音乐家贝多芬去世时，维也纳有两万多人为他送葬，其中有个年轻人手持火把、泪流满面地走在送葬队伍的前列，他就是奥地利伟大作曲家弗兰兹·舒伯特。
舒伯特1797年1月31日生于维也纳近郊的一个小镇上（现属维也纳市区的一部分），有兄弟姐妹8人，仅靠父亲的收入过活，家境十分贫寒。舒伯特的父亲是个小学教师，精通小提琴，并且教会了几个孩子。舒伯特在8个孩子中悟性最高，其演技很快就超过了父亲。在舒伯特11岁时，父亲听说维也纳宫庭歌手学校（当今世界著名的维也纳童声合唱团的前身）招生，且食宿免费，就送他去碰碰运气。舒伯特优美的嗓音和丰富的乐感一下子就征服了考官，被优先录取。学习期间，舒伯特还参加了学生乐队，担任第二小提琴手，有时还担任指挥。在学校里，舒伯特有机会熟悉海顿、莫扎特、贝多芬等许多音乐大师的作品，大大开阔了他的艺术视野，激发了他的创作灵感。他13岁开始作曲，15岁就创作了一首三重奏、两首弦乐五重奏和100多首歌曲，还写出了他的第一部交响曲。
舒伯特16岁那年，由于变声，不得不离开他心爱的学校回到父亲所在的学校担任教师。他一边承担繁重的教学，一边抓紧时间进行音乐创作这期间，他创作了第二、第三、第四和第五交响曲，还创作了《纺车旁的葛莱卿》、《魔王》、《野玫瑰》、《死神与少女》等许多脍灸人口的歌曲。1818年，21岁的舒伯特为了能专心进行音乐创作，毅然辞去了教师工作。但这一举动遭到父亲的坚决反对，他不仅拒绝向舒伯特提供任何资助，而且断绝了父子关系。没有生活来源的舒伯特只好当家庭音乐教师勉强糊口，因收入微薄，有时连房租都付不起。
舒伯特生活的年代正是法国大革命后欧洲封建势力复辟的最黑暗的年代，但生活的穷困，政治的黑暗均没有动摇舒伯特的意志，他从来都没有停止过创作，把全部身心都献给了音乐事业。无论何时何地，音符总在他的脑海中跳动。据说舒伯特的名曲《鳟鱼》就是他半夜醒来时突然构思而成的，当时他立即起身将构思好的曲子记下来，因天黑不小心将墨水碰洒在谱纸上，所以这首歌曲的原稿至今还有一大块墨水泼洒的痕迹。
舒伯特总是不停顿地忘我工作，短暂的一生中创作的作品有1500部，触及所有的音乐体裁和形式，是世界上少有的高产作曲家。但他的音乐才能在其生前一直未得到承认。他一生写了10部交响曲，在世时却没有一部公演；他创作了18部歌剧，在世时也没有一部排练演出；他一共写了600多首歌曲，其中许多在社会上广泛流传，而每首歌曲的售价极低。勤奋的创作始终没能改变舒伯特穷愁潦倒的命运，最后连他钟爱的女友也抛弃了他，嫁给了有钱的商人。他一生怀才不遇，孤独凄楚。怀着这样的心绪，舒伯特在1827年完成了他一生中最后重要作品之一——组歌《冬之旅》。该作品以冬天为背景，描写了一个饱经世态炎凉的孤独的流浪者形象。这部作品是舒伯特对当时奥地利黑暗现实的有力控诉，也是自己的苦闷及绝望心态的真实反映。
由于长期受到贫困和心情忧郁的折磨，舒伯特的健康受到严重摧残。他所崇拜的音乐大师贝多芬之死，更使他的健康状况雪上加霜。贝多芬比舒伯特长27岁，当舒伯特在学校演奏贝多芬的作品时，贝多芬已闻名欧洲。舒伯特对贝多芬十分景仰，但由于腼腆的性格始终没有勇气去造访。他曾经鼓起勇气去过一次，又恰逢贝多芬不在家，舒伯特留下自己的作品就回去了。贝多芬回来后读了舒伯特的作品，十分激动地对他人说：“这里闪烁着神圣的光辉！”当舒伯特再次赶来看望贝多芬时，贝多芬已经处于弥留之际。贝多芬用力睁开眼睛，对舒伯特说：“我的灵魂是属于你的。”之后不久，贝多芬就离开了世。看到自己最崇拜的大师离去，舒伯特悲痛欲绝，悔恨交加，于是就出现了本文开头的一幕。贝多芬之死使舒伯特的身心受到重大打击，1828年11月19日，也就是在贝多芬去世的第二年，舒伯特也离开了人世，年仅31岁。他临死前对朋友说：“我只有一个要求，请把我葬在贝多芬的墓旁。”遵照舒伯特的遗言，朋友们把他安葬在贝多芬的墓旁，并在墓碑上写道：“死亡在这里埋葬了一分巨大的财产，还埋葬了更为巨大的希望。”
舒伯特是19世纪欧洲伟大的浪漫主义作曲家，是浪漫主义音乐的奠基人之一。他一生短暂，过早地被贫困和疾病夺去了年轻的生命，但他众多的音乐作品却给后人留下了一笔宝贵的财富，特别是他创作的大量歌曲，不仅开创了德国艺术歌曲的先声，也是世界音乐宝库中此类题材的珍品，舒伯特也因其在这一领域的突出成就而被后人誉为“歌曲之王”。
