巴洛
巴洛克音乐指欧洲在文艺复兴之后开始兴起,且在古典主义音乐形成之前定帮所流行的音乐类型,延续期间大约从1600年到1750年之间的150年。
巴洛克(Baroque)一词来源于葡萄牙语「Barocco」,意指形态不够圆或不完美的珍珠,最初是建筑领域的术语,后逐渐用于艺术和音乐领域。在艺术领域方面,想右构场住鲜硫度巴洛克风格的特徵是精致细腻的装饰以及华丽的风格,造成这种现象的主因,是因为巴洛克时期是贵族掌权的时代,富丽堂皇的宫廷里奢华的排场正是新的文化以及艺术的发展中心,而这个大环境的改变也直接的影响到了音乐家的创作。十七、八世纪宫廷乐师所写的音乐作品,绝大部分是为上流社会航卷苦大希世粒呼位服衣的社交所需而做,为了炫耀贵族的权势以及财富,当时的宫廷音乐必定得呈现出炫耀的音乐以则列朝受调调探诗因及不凡的气度,以营造愉悦气氛。[1]
巴洛克音乐的特点是极尽奢华,加入大量装饰性的洋针省夫个丝段夫美收至音符。节奏强烈、短促而律动,旋律精致。复调音乐(复音音乐)仍然占据主导地位铁护包树航也沿州林,大小调取代了教会调式,同时主调音乐也在蓬勃发展。于是复调的和声性越补云字做跑来越明显。复调在 J.S.巴赫时代发展到极至。<br/><br/>数字低音及即兴创作是巴洛克重要的部分,并且管弦乐团编制尚未标准化。<br/><br/>目录 [隐藏]<br/>1 主要作曲家 <br/>2 音乐创作 <br/>2.1 乐器作品类型 <br/>2.2 创作技法 <br/>3 参考书目 <br/>4 附注 <br/>5 参见 <br/><br/><br/><br/>[编辑] 主要作曲家<br/>义大利:<br/><br/>科莱里(Arcangelo Corelli, 1653-1713) <br/>A.史卡拉第(Alessandro Scarlatti, 1660-1725) <br/>韦瓦第(Antonio Vivaldi, 1678-1741) <b觉晶扩铁发施飞放远题r/>D.史卡拉第(Domenico Scarlatti, 1685-1757) <br/>德研九叶格胡顺慢温国:<br/><br/>巴检赫(Johann Sebastian Bach, 1685-1750) <br/>韩德尔(George Frideric Handel, 1685-1759) <br/>泰勒曼(Georg Philipp Telemann, 1681-1767) <br/>法国:<br/><br/>吕利(Jean-Baptiste Lully, 1632-1687) <br/>F.库普兰(F景间rancois Couperin, 1668-1733) <br/>拉摩(Jean-Philippe Rameau, 1683-1764) <br/>英国:<br/><br/>珀赛尔(Henry Purcell, 1659-1695) <br/><br/>[编辑] 音乐创作<br/>巴洛克音乐创作的发展中心以贵族的宫廷、私人组织的学会以及天主教教会为主,其中又以宫廷最具影响力。此时期的脚爱知议省优传孔工并数音乐创作除了适合在宫廷里演奏的大协奏曲(concerto grosso)以外,还有贵族沙龙里带有私密气氛的小规模乐器奏鸣曲(Sonata鲜战给连置胞);弥撒、神剧、受难曲以及丰富的管风琴曲目,令教堂充满了圣神的光彩;另外,歌剧在威尼斯快速兴起,藉著音乐和戏剧的结合将情感抒发到最高点。音乐创作从此步入了一个蓬勃发展的阶段。[2]
[编辑] 乐器作品类型
当这判告燃时富有的贵族大多都拥有专属的乐团,以便在宫廷中娱乐宾客,而变化多样又音乐宽广的乐器曲就广受青睐。乐器曲崛起药何县汽义讲粮速后,音乐的创意更有了发挥空间,音乐家阻内着翻厚活掉担致开始发展出不同的乐曲类型:[3]
组曲(Suite)
奏鸣曲(Sonata)
协奏曲(Concerto)
父觉安十川高赋格曲(Fugue)
罗曼尼斯卡(Romanesca)
[编辑] 创作技法
数字低音(basso continuo)
顽固低音(basso ostinato)
赋格(fugual polyphony)
竞奏(concertato medium)
即兴演奏(improvisation)
浪漫主义音乐、文学
浪漫主义在艺术上的兴起,最早见于十八世纪的文学作品中,这些作品将一切个人的感情、趣味和才能表现得淋漓尽致。在音乐方面,浪漫主义作曲家强烈地表现出自己的癖好,这与受形式支配的古典主义格格不入。古典主义音乐象线条一样鲜明;而浪漫主义音乐则偏重于色彩和感情,并含有许多主观、空想的因素。
然而,这只是原则上的区别,要想在不同的创作风格之间,譬如古典主义和浪漫主义之间,按照那些讲究条理的音乐史家的愿望划一道泾渭分明的界线,从来不是那么容易的。简单地下定义行不通,这些定义总是因为忽视了很多非常重要的因素而过于简单化。
例如,假使断言古典主义音乐是客观的,浪漫主义音乐是主观的,那么岂不是说海顿、莫扎特和贝多芬在某种程度上像电脑一样,从不创作反映自己个人感情的作品了?这显然是非常荒谬的。同样地,如果说浪漫主义作曲家“摆脱”了传统形式的原则,那么这实际上就是否定了他们在继续使用这些形式,甚至在未必可能的场合下使用古典形式。
例如威尔第就用赋格曲式结束他的喜歌剧《法尔斯塔夫》。另外还需明确古典主义和浪漫主义这两种风格曾经共存了一段时期,重要的浪漫主义歌剧作曲家、德国理想主义者韦伯就先贝多芬一年逝世,舒伯特的死也仅比贝多芬晚一年。可是,在这两种乐派之间实际上又存在着我们很容易把握的区别,这些区别大多是源于非音乐的原因。到浪漫主义时期,作曲家在社会上的地位已有根本的改变,他们已不再是一个城市、宫廷或教堂的雇员。
贝多芬也只是赢得了某种程度上的真正独立,因为不管那些贵人们多么慷慨地让他自行其是,他的大部分生计仍维系于贵族的庇护。而现在,理论上说作曲家完全是他自己的主人,实际上也就是大众的仆人。
为了满足大众的需要,各种各样的音乐会社团和音乐节网络迅速地发展起来。如果一个作曲家,比如门德尔松,能为这个众多的占统治地位的中等阶层提供他们所喜闻乐听的音乐,他就是成功的;反之,如果他忽视时代的审美观,只为自己或他理想中的后代创作,那么他在公众的心目中就必然是个“怪里怪气”的孤僻艺术家。这一类作曲家常以为他们是出类拔萃的杰出人物,是未来艺术的预言者。
“艺术家”一词的使用不是没有意义的,因为整个十九世纪的作曲家都这样看待自己。他们这样称谓自己很有理由,因为一旦摆脱了私人的庇护,投身到社会中去,他们便开始和文学作家等富于创造精神的同行有了接触。
事实上,韦伯、舒曼、柏辽兹除了作曲还写过一些有关音乐的书,而瓦格纳不仅自己写剧本,还写出了许多关于音乐、戏剧和哲学的著作和论文,真难以想象他何以还有时间创作出那么多的乐曲来。这新的一代作曲家对弥漫在社会上的各种新思想有着浓厚的兴趣,不管是科学的、民族的、还是艺术的。最重要的是,他们对文学的陶醉到了如痴如狂的程度。他们的前辈仅满足于用器乐表达纯粹的音乐思想,浪漫主义音乐家则致力于让音乐在表达的广度上与语言并驾齐驱。
当然,给歌词谱曲一直是作曲家们的实践之一,可是当时流行的是用器乐表达或描绘一种特定的场面,甚至讲述一个故事。这起始于贝多芬的同代人韦伯,后来又被李斯特、理查德·施特劳斯发展为描述性的交响诗。
十九世纪上半叶,自然的、乡村的浪漫主义文学转变为幻想的、比生活更加广阔的浪漫主义文学,分别以简·奥斯汀的《傲慢与偏见》(1813年)和艾米莉·勃朗特的《呼啸山庄》(1847年)为代表。这两部英国小说有天壤之别,这种区别在沃尔特·佩特(W·Pater)给浪漫主义下的定义中可以得到概括,他认为浪漫主义是“给美添上了怪诞的色彩”。
因此,毫不奇怪,浪漫主义音乐在很大程度上同样表现了一种奇异的超自然的东西,如柏辽兹在他1830年所作的《幻想交响曲》中所表现的那样。作曲家们很快就对周围的大自然发生了新的兴趣,这种自然已经不是贝多芬《田园》中的那种简单的自然,而是大写的“自然”,一种因为他们超脱于芸芸众生才与他们有着特殊联系的力量。不管是文学还是音乐,浪漫主义的另一个特点就是十分强调单个的人,而不是那种作为社会的一分子、被仔细地划入某个阶层而根本无法摆脱其束缚的人。
因此,对独立个性的重视使作曲家们有意识地追求个人的特点,有时成了自我主义。这样,他们离那些因为循规蹈矩而压抑了自己部分创造才能的古典主义作曲家就越来越远了。
想用寥寥数语概括浪漫主义音乐的特点,其结果非常容易使读者误以为浪漫主义作曲家都是放浪形骸之徒。虽然他们中间有人确有行为出轨的时候,但是总地来说,他们有足够的自控能力使自由不致逾越界限。他们当中大多数人仍继续运用传统的交响曲、奏鸣曲、四重奏等形式,虽然在这些形式里出现了与莫扎特不同、会使他的审美观受到侵害的新东西需要记住的是,审美的好恶总是处于不断的变化之中,因此这一代认为“过分”的行为在下一代眼里却是规范,昨天的“顽皮的孩子”,逐渐长成为今日受尊重的“老伯伯”。[注:法国诗人戈蒂耶早年参加浪漫主义运动时被称为“顽皮的孩子”、“老伯伯”则是英国人对曾经担任首相的政治家格莱斯的尊称]。浪漫主义运动内部也一直存在两个不同的流派,一个是以柏辽兹、李斯特、瓦格纳为代表的激进派,另一个是以门德尔松、勃拉姆斯、布鲁克纳为代表的保守派。研究早期浪漫主义可以说明分裂是怎样产生的,也可以把那些重要性在管弦乐曲的作曲家(门德尔松、柏辽兹)和那些重要性在其他方面的作曲家(如歌曲方面的舒伯特、歌曲与钢琴曲方面的舒曼、歌剧方面的韦伯)区别开来。
英美文学|浪漫主义时期
|浪漫主义时期|• 简介
英国浪漫主义时期一般被认为始于1798年,标志为华兹华斯与柯勒律治的《抒情歌谣集》的出版,终于1832年,标志为沃尔特•司各特的去世及议会的第一悔穗个改革提案的通过。
Gothic novel ,a type of romantic fiction that predominanted in the late eighteenth century, was one phase of the Romantic movement.Its principal elements are violence, horror,and the supernatural,which strongly appeal to the reader’s emotion.
哥特式小说是浪漫主义运动的一种形式 盛于浪漫主义前期18世纪末。
小说主要元素:暴力,恐怖,超自然力量的描写。
VIP :
1.William Blake
2.William Wordsworth
3.Percy Bysshe Shelley
4.Jane Austen
How is Romanticism different from Neoclassicism? Provide brief evidence from the literary works you know best.
1: Neoclassicists upheld that artistic ideals should be order,logic, restrained emotion and accuracy, and that literature should be judged in terms of its service to humanity, and thus, literary expression should be of proportion, unity, harmony and grace.
2: Romanticists tended to see the individual as the very center of all experience, including art, and thus, literary work should be “spontaneous overflow of strong feelings ”, and no matter how fragmentary those experiences were, the value of the work lied in the accuracy of presenting those unique feelings and particular attitudes.
3: In a word, Neoclassicism emphasizes rationality and form but Romanticism attached great importance to the individual’s mind.
威廉•布莱克 生于伦敦一个爱尔兰裔小商人家庭,一生中,他都身碧灶卜兼诗人与雕刻家两重角色,他的天才在他的有生之年是默默无闻的,只是在他去世后才被人挖掘出来并一举成名。
在文学上,布莱克是第一位重要的浪漫主义诗人,表现出对理性至上的轻视,对18世纪古典主义的叛逆以及对个人幻想的重视。
布莱克的代表作《天真之歌》表述了一个愉快而纯洁的世界,尽管这个世界也偶有苦难与罪恶。《经验之歌》则描绘了一个截然不同的世界,一个充满苦难、贫穷、疾病与战争的世界,笔调极为忧伤压抑。
《天真之歌》中不少诗篇都在《经验之歌》中有着姊妹辩高篇。比如“孩童之欣喜”与“孩童之忧愁”对应,纯洁的羔羊与燃烧的猛虎对应。两部诗集主题相似,笔调不同。
1.| Songs of Innocence & Songs of Experience |
【 Brief introduce 】
A. The Songs of Innocence is a lovely volume of poems, presenting a happy and innocent world, though not without its evils and sufferings.
B. His Songs of Experience paints a different world, a world of misery, poverty, disease, war and repression with a melancholy tone.
C. Childhood is the central to Blake's concern in the Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience.
2. | Tyger |
What does "symmetry" mean?
The well-proportioned body of the tiger.
What does "tyger" refer to?
There are different opinions about the tiger. Some say the tiger is made by God. Others say it is made by men. One more idea thinks that The Tyger is a poem about work, about artistic creation.
Please make a comment on William Blake's poetry.
A. His first collection of poems Poetical Sketches is one of youthful verse with joy, laughter, love and harmony as its prevailing notes.
B. The second volume of his Songs of Innocence presents a happy and innocent world.
C. The third — Songs of Experience paints a different world, a world of misery, poverty, disease, war and repression with a melancholy tone.
The last two hold the similar subject-matter, but their tone, emphasis and conclusion differ. Childhood remains central to the poet's concern in the two, with a number of poems from them can be pairs.
For example, the two poems both entitled "Chimney Sweeper" are such pairs, for the one in the Songs of Innocence indicates the conditions of the exploitation of child labor, which make religion a consolation, but the one in the Songs of Experience reveals the true nature of religion which helps bring misery to the poor children.
D. The maturity of Blake's poetry is shown in his poem Marriage of Heaven and Hell in which the relationship of the contraries is explored, for in the poet's eyes, "without contraries, there is no progression."
What does the poem "The Chimney Sweeper (from Songs of Experience)" reveal?
The two “Chimney Sweeper”poems are good examples to reveal the relation between an economic circumstance, i.e.the exploitation of child labor, and ideological circumstance. i.e.the role played by religion in making people compliant to exploitation.In the Songs of Experience reveals the true nature of religion which helps bring misery to the poor children.
威廉•华兹华斯
• 1797年,结识了科勒律治,两人成为知心密友,合作完成了《抒情歌谣集》。
• 诗人骚塞、科勒律治、和华兹华斯三人一并成为“湖畔诗人”。
• 1842年,华兹华斯荣获政府津贴,次年他压倒骚塞成为“桂冠诗人”(Poet Laureate)
• 华兹华斯被称为“大自然的膜拜者”。
• 华兹华斯是一个怀旧的诗人,对他来说,生命犹如轮回的旅程,生命之始也是生命之终。他的这种人生哲学体现在他的代表作《序曲》中。
• 华兹华斯追求简洁朴素的风格,厌恶粉饰真实。他强调诗歌创作最要紧的是把握素材的真实来源,即“在静谧中找回情感”。他的创作理论核心是普通人的生活经历。
• 华兹华斯是英国诗歌史上的巨星,是浪漫主义时期的杰出代表,他号召人们用清新、自然、关心的目光去看待周围的事物,开创了运用百姓生活语言写诗的新道路,并号召人们回归自然。
作家作品:
The Prelude
Composed upon Westminster Brige
Lyrical Ballads
I Wondered Lonely as a Cloud
The Solitary Reaper
1. | I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud |
This poem typically depicts the author's respect for nature. / His love for the daffodils.
2. | Composed upon Westminster Brige |
3. | She Dwelt Among the Untrodden Ways |
《独自幽居》By comparing a country girl (Lucy) to a violet, the poet intends to show her quality of beauty and her virtue which are often neglected by the common people just like a wild flower blooming by an untrodden road.
4. | The Solitary Reaper |
《孤独的收割者》It tells us, to Romanticists, poetry is an expression of an individual's feelings and experience no matter how fragmentary and momentary these feelings and experiences are. (无论他们的情感是微不足道的还是伟大的)
| Questions |
Please discuss the significance of William Wordsworth's poetry in the history of English literature.
A. First of all, Wordsworth's theory, as stated in his "preface" to the second edition of the Lyrical Ballads, serves as a manifesto of Romanticism. The poet takes the direct experience of the senses as the source of poetic truth as poetry comes from the "emotion recollected in tranquillity". The significance of the "Preface" also presents itself in the poet's advocation of the writing of the common people in ordinary language.
B. Secondly, his practice is what his theory implies, for the joys and sorrows of the common people are his themes, in many of his poems such as the "Lucy poems".
C. Thirdly, natural scenery with its beauty and mystery acts also as one of his favorite themes and the sympathy out of the poet's nature towards the poor in rural places becomes part of his concern.
D. Finally, the seemingly simplicity of the poet both in diction and description is immersed in a profound and sympathetic longing for a better world. So the most important contribution he has made is that he has not only started the modern poetry, the poetry of his growing inner self, but also changed the course of English poetry by using ordinary speech of the language and by advocating a return to nature.
雪莱 出生于一个富有家庭,父亲是个保守的乡绅,母亲貌美。
• 雪莱对自由的渴望及对暴政的憎恶都体现在诗作中,如《自由颂》《那不勒斯颂》等。
• 雪莱最著名的政治抒情诗是《致英格兰人民》,诗中号召工人,农民起来斗争,在宪章运动时期成为英国共产党的战歌。
• 雪莱最著名的抒情诗当属《西风颂》。瑟瑟寒风熄灭了一年的生机,却孕育着新春的希望,诗人希望自己也化作这西风,把他对未来的预言传遍人间。
• 雪莱最有造诣的作品是他的四幕诗剧《被解放的普罗米修斯》。
• 雪莱的诗歌语言清新别致,文化底蕴深厚,含有丰富的典故,并多用拟人和隐喻,将我们看到的事物完全生动地描绘出来。
作家作品:
To a Skylark
Men of England
Ode to the West Wind
| Men of England |
《致英格兰人民》It is not only a war cry calling upon all working people to rise up against their political oppressors, but an address to them pointing out the intolerable injustice of economic exploitation.
* "drones" refers to the parasitic class in human society.
* "bees of England" refers to the laboring people in England.
| Ode to the West Wind | (theme)
The poem expresses his eagerness to enjoy the boundless freedom from the reality.
【 奥斯汀一生完成六部作品,她的处女作《理智与情感》讲述了一对姐妹的恋爱经历》;《傲慢与偏见》是她最著名的作品。在写作风格上,她倡导新古典主义,坚持理性、秩序、典雅的原则。奥斯汀的创作主题总与个人的生活及人际关系有关,正因如此,她的作品具有普遍的意义。】
| Pride and Prejudice | (Theme)
A. It was oringinally drafted as "First Impressions" in 1796, is the most delightful of Jane Austen's works. The title tells of a major concern of the novel: pride and prejudice.
| Questions |
What are Austen's writing features?
Jane Austen is one of the realistic novelists. Austen's work has a very narrow literary field. Her novels show a wealth of humor, wit and delicate satire.
Based on her writings discuss Jane Austen's greatest contribution to English literature.
A. Jane Austen is one of the most important Romantic novelists in English literature. She creates six influential novels.
B. Her main literary concern is about human beings in their personal relationships. She makes trivial daily life as important as the concerns about human belief, career and salient social event. This is what makes her important in English literature.
C. Jane Austen has brought the English novel, as an art of form, to its maturity because of her sensitivity to universal patterns of human behavior and her accurate portrayal of human individuals.
D. She describe the world from a woman's point of view, and depicts a group of authentic and common women.
Make comments on Austen's attitude towards the three kinds of motivations of marriage the middle class people had in the second of the 18th century. (with specific examples from Pride and Prejudice )
A. Motivation one: to pursue material interest through marriage;
B. Motivation two: to seek sensual pleasure and beauty; Lydia and Mr,Bennet are examples of this kind.
C. Motivation three: to search for true love and also take personal merits and financial position into consideration; Elizabeth Bennet is a typical example of this kind.
Austen celebrated the third kind of motivation of marriage while criticizing the first two wrong motivations.
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带思维导图版笔记在这里: 英美文学笔记