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印象派Im尔额针病pressionismImpressionism was a 19th-century 360问答art movement that originated with a group of Paris-based artists whose independent exhibit怕酸采ions brought them to prominence during the 1870s and 1880s in spite of harsh opposition from the art community in France. The name of the style is derived from the title of a Claude Monet work, Impression, soleil levant (Impression, Sunrise), which provoked the critic Louis Leroy to coin the term in a satir儿家掌责管ic review published in the Parisian newspaper Le Charivari. 美国印象派American Impressionism American Impressionism was a style of painting related to Europ吸眼命半高集取刘类许ean Impressionism and practiced by Am苏互erican artists in the United States during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. American Impres系营面齐得农席率sionism is a style of painting ch拿建道配广穿操aracterized 固会些土息道脚by loose brushwork and vivid colors.清教主义Puritan：.The Puritans were a significant grouping of English Pr紧哥短相道兴湖副代吗毛otestants in the 16th and 17th centuries. 美国清教主义America Puritan in the early 17th century, thousands of English Puritans s总张ettled in North America, mainly i自突贵钟杂岁正处菜有占n New England. Puritans were generally members of the Church of England who believed the 纸Church of England was i尼承孙nsufficiently Reformed and who therefore opposed royal e目缺cclesiastical policy under Elizabeth I of England,Most Puritans wh地级降资项o migrated to North America came in the decade 1630-1640 in what is known as the Great Migration. See the main articles on each of the colonies for information on their political and social history; this article focuses on the religious history of the Puritans in North America.The Puritan culture of the New England colonies of the seventeenth century was distinctive in its attitudes to the arts and recreation. The Puritan community was made homogeneous by a Calvinist theology that believed in a "just, almighty God"and a lifestyle that consisted of pious, consecrated actions. The doctrinal emphasis on work instead of leisure led to the development of a mindset adverse to sport and recreation. Despite the prevalence of this world view, the Puritans participated in their own forms of recreational activity, including sport, visual arts, literature, and music.The Puritans were educated and literate for their time, and their culture was broadly based in the arts and languages.Puritans were able to read early on due to their frequent Bible study,which made them a very literate people. They also produced a hardy collection of literature themselves, which surfaced in three main genres: sermons, diaries, and poetry.迷失的一代Lost GenerationThe "Lost Generation" is a term used to refer to the generation, actually a cohort, that came of age during World War I. The term was popularized by Ernest Hemingway who used it as one of two contrasting epigraphs for his novel, The Sun Also Rises. In that volume Hemingway credits the phrase to Gertrude Stein, who was then his mentor and ***.In A Moveable Feast, which was published after Hemingway and Stein were both dead and after a literary feud that lasted much of their life, Hemingway reveals that the phrase was actually originated by the garage owner who serviced Stein's car. When a young mechanic failed to repair the car in a way satisfactory to Stein, the garage owner shouted at the boy, "You are all a "génération perdue."Stein, in telling Hemingway the story, added, "That is what you are. That's what you all are … all of you young people who served in the war. You are a lost generation."This generation included distinguished artists such as F. Scott Fitzgerald, T. S. Eliot, John Dos Passos, Waldo Peirce, Alan Seeger, and Erich Maria Remarque.自然主义NaturalismNaturalism was a literary movement taking place from the 1880s to 1940s that used detailed realism to suggest that social conditions, heredity, and environment had inescapable force in shaping human character. It was depicted as a literary movement that seeks to replicate a believable everyday reality, as opposed to such movements as Romanticism or Surrealism, in which subjects may receive highly symbolic, idealistic, or even supernatural treatment. Naturalism is the outgrowth of literary realism, a prominent literary movement in mid-19th-century France and elsewhere. Naturalistic writers were influenced by Charles Darwin's theory of evolution.They believed that one's heredity and social environment largely determine one's character. Whereas realism seeks only to describe subjects as they really are, naturalism also attempts to determine "scientifically" the underlying forces (e.g. the environment or heredity) influencing the actions of its subjects. Naturalistic works often include uncouth or sordid subject matter; for example, Émile Zola's works had a frankness about sexuality along with a pervasive pessimism. Naturalistic works exposed the dark harshness of life, including poverty, racism, violence, prejudice, disease, corruption, prostitution, and filth. As a result, naturalistic writers were frequently criticized for focusing too much on human vice and misery.只能这么多，再少就要查牛津了