英美文学｜浪漫主义时期
｜浪漫主义时期｜• 简介
英国浪漫主义时期一般被认为始碧灶卜于1798年，标志为华兹华斯与柯勒律治辩高的《抒情歌谣集》的出版，终于1832年，标志为沃尔特•司各特的去世及议会的第一个改革提案的通过。
Gothic novel ,a type of romantic fiction that predominanted in the late eighteenth century, was one phase of the Romantic movement.Its principal elements are violence, horror,and the supernatural,which strongly appeal to the reader’s emotion.
哥特式小说是浪漫主义运动的一种形式 盛于浪漫主义前期18世纪末。
小说主要元素：暴力，恐怖，超自然力量的描写。
VIP :
1.William Blake
2.William Wordsworth
3.Percy Bysshe Shelley
4.Jane Austen
How is Romanticism different from Neoclassicism? Provide brief evidence from the literary works you know best.
1: Neoclassicists upheld that artistic ideals should be order,logic, restrained emotion and accuracy, and that literature should be judged in terms of its service to humanity, and thus, literary expression should be of proportion, unity, harmony and grace.
2: Romanticists tended to see the individual as the very center of all experience, including art, and thus, literary work should be “spontaneous overflow of strong feelings ”, and no matter how fragmentary those experiences were, the value of the work lied in the accuracy of presenting those unique feelings and particular attitudes.
3: In a word, Neoclassicism emphasizes rationality and form but Romanticism attached great importance to the individual’s mind.
威廉•布莱克 生于伦敦一个爱尔兰裔小商人家庭，一生中，他都身兼诗人与雕刻家两重角色，他的天才在他的有生之年是默默无闻的，只是在他去世后才被人挖掘出来并一举成名。
在文学上，布莱克是第一位重要的浪漫主义诗人，表现出对理性至上的轻视，对18世纪古典主义的叛逆以及对个人幻想的重视。
布莱克的代表作《天真之歌》表述了一个愉快而纯洁的世界，尽管这个世界也偶有苦难与罪恶。《经验之歌》则描绘了一个截然不同的世界，一个充满苦难、贫穷、疾病与战争的世界，笔调极悔穗为忧伤压抑。
《天真之歌》中不少诗篇都在《经验之歌》中有着姊妹篇。比如“孩童之欣喜”与“孩童之忧愁”对应，纯洁的羔羊与燃烧的猛虎对应。两部诗集主题相似，笔调不同。
1.| Songs of Innocence & Songs of Experience |
【 Brief introduce 】
A. The Songs of Innocence is a lovely volume of poems, presenting a happy and innocent world, though not without its evils and sufferings.
B. His Songs of Experience paints a different world, a world of misery, poverty, disease, war and repression with a melancholy tone.
C. Childhood is the central to Blake's concern in the Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience.
2. | Tyger |
What does "symmetry" mean?
The well-proportioned body of the tiger.
What does "tyger" refer to?
There are different opinions about the tiger. Some say the tiger is made by God. Others say it is made by men. One more idea thinks that The Tyger is a poem about work, about artistic creation.
Please make a comment on William Blake's poetry.
A. His first collection of poems Poetical Sketches is one of youthful verse with joy, laughter, love and harmony as its prevailing notes.
B. The second volume of his Songs of Innocence presents a happy and innocent world.
C. The third — Songs of Experience paints a different world, a world of misery, poverty, disease, war and repression with a melancholy tone.
The last two hold the similar subject-matter, but their tone, emphasis and conclusion differ. Childhood remains central to the poet's concern in the two, with a number of poems from them can be pairs.
For example, the two poems both entitled "Chimney Sweeper" are such pairs, for the one in the Songs of Innocence indicates the conditions of the exploitation of child labor, which make religion a consolation, but the one in the Songs of Experience reveals the true nature of religion which helps bring misery to the poor children.
D. The maturity of Blake's poetry is shown in his poem Marriage of Heaven and Hell in which the relationship of the contraries is explored, for in the poet's eyes, "without contraries, there is no progression."
What does the poem "The Chimney Sweeper (from Songs of Experience)" reveal?
The two “Chimney Sweeper”poems are good examples to reveal the relation between an economic circumstance, i.e.the exploitation of child labor, and ideological circumstance. i.e.the role played by religion in making people compliant to exploitation.In the Songs of Experience reveals the true nature of religion which helps bring misery to the poor children.
威廉•华兹华斯
• 1797年，结识了科勒律治，两人成为知心密友，合作完成了《抒情歌谣集》。
• 诗人骚塞、科勒律治、和华兹华斯三人一并成为“湖畔诗人”。
• 1842年，华兹华斯荣获政府津贴，次年他压倒骚塞成为“桂冠诗人”（Poet Laureate）
• 华兹华斯被称为“大自然的膜拜者”。
• 华兹华斯是一个怀旧的诗人，对他来说，生命犹如轮回的旅程，生命之始也是生命之终。他的这种人生哲学体现在他的代表作《序曲》中。
• 华兹华斯追求简洁朴素的风格，厌恶粉饰真实。他强调诗歌创作最要紧的是把握素材的真实来源，即“在静谧中找回情感”。他的创作理论核心是普通人的生活经历。
• 华兹华斯是英国诗歌史上的巨星，是浪漫主义时期的杰出代表，他号召人们用清新、自然、关心的目光去看待周围的事物，开创了运用百姓生活语言写诗的新道路，并号召人们回归自然。
作家作品：
The Prelude
Composed upon Westminster Brige
Lyrical Ballads
I Wondered Lonely as a Cloud
The Solitary Reaper
1. | I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud |
This poem typically depicts the author's respect for nature. / His love for the daffodils.
2. | Composed upon Westminster Brige |
3. | She Dwelt Among the Untrodden Ways |
《独自幽居》By comparing a country girl (Lucy) to a violet, the poet intends to show her quality of beauty and her virtue which are often neglected by the common people just like a wild flower blooming by an untrodden road.
4. | The Solitary Reaper |
《孤独的收割者》It tells us, to Romanticists, poetry is an expression of an individual's feelings and experience no matter how fragmentary and momentary these feelings and experiences are. (无论他们的情感是微不足道的还是伟大的)
| Questions |
Please discuss the significance of William Wordsworth's poetry in the history of English literature.
A. First of all, Wordsworth's theory, as stated in his "preface" to the second edition of the Lyrical Ballads, serves as a manifesto of Romanticism. The poet takes the direct experience of the senses as the source of poetic truth as poetry comes from the "emotion recollected in tranquillity". The significance of the "Preface" also presents itself in the poet's advocation of the writing of the common people in ordinary language.
B. Secondly, his practice is what his theory implies, for the joys and sorrows of the common people are his themes, in many of his poems such as the "Lucy poems".
C. Thirdly, natural scenery with its beauty and mystery acts also as one of his favorite themes and the sympathy out of the poet's nature towards the poor in rural places becomes part of his concern.
D. Finally, the seemingly simplicity of the poet both in diction and description is immersed in a profound and sympathetic longing for a better world. So the most important contribution he has made is that he has not only started the modern poetry, the poetry of his growing inner self, but also changed the course of English poetry by using ordinary speech of the language and by advocating a return to nature.
雪莱 出生于一个富有家庭，父亲是个保守的乡绅，母亲貌美。
• 雪莱对自由的渴望及对暴政的憎恶都体现在诗作中，如《自由颂》《那不勒斯颂》等。
• 雪莱最著名的政治抒情诗是《致英格兰人民》，诗中号召工人，农民起来斗争，在宪章运动时期成为英国共产党的战歌。
• 雪莱最著名的抒情诗当属《西风颂》。瑟瑟寒风熄灭了一年的生机，却孕育着新春的希望，诗人希望自己也化作这西风，把他对未来的预言传遍人间。
• 雪莱最有造诣的作品是他的四幕诗剧《被解放的普罗米修斯》。
• 雪莱的诗歌语言清新别致，文化底蕴深厚，含有丰富的典故，并多用拟人和隐喻，将我们看到的事物完全生动地描绘出来。
作家作品：
To a Skylark
Men of England
Ode to the West Wind
| Men of England |
《致英格兰人民》It is not only a war cry calling upon all working people to rise up against their political oppressors, but an address to them pointing out the intolerable injustice of economic exploitation.
* "drones" refers to the parasitic class in human society.
* "bees of England" refers to the laboring people in England.
| Ode to the West Wind | (theme)
The poem expresses his eagerness to enjoy the boundless freedom from the reality.
【 奥斯汀一生完成六部作品，她的处女作《理智与情感》讲述了一对姐妹的恋爱经历》；《傲慢与偏见》是她最著名的作品。在写作风格上，她倡导新古典主义，坚持理性、秩序、典雅的原则。奥斯汀的创作主题总与个人的生活及人际关系有关，正因如此，她的作品具有普遍的意义。】
| Pride and Prejudice | (Theme)
A. It was oringinally drafted as "First Impressions" in 1796, is the most delightful of Jane Austen's works. The title tells of a major concern of the novel: pride and prejudice.
| Questions |
What are Austen's writing features?
Jane Austen is one of the realistic novelists. Austen's work has a very narrow literary field. Her novels show a wealth of humor, wit and delicate satire.
Based on her writings discuss Jane Austen's greatest contribution to English literature.
A. Jane Austen is one of the most important Romantic novelists in English literature. She creates six influential novels.
B. Her main literary concern is about human beings in their personal relationships. She makes trivial daily life as important as the concerns about human belief, career and salient social event. This is what makes her important in English literature.
C. Jane Austen has brought the English novel, as an art of form, to its maturity because of her sensitivity to universal patterns of human behavior and her accurate portrayal of human individuals.
D. She describe the world from a woman's point of view, and depicts a group of authentic and common women.
Make comments on Austen's attitude towards the three kinds of motivations of marriage the middle class people had in the second of the 18th century. (with specific examples from Pride and Prejudice )
A. Motivation one: to pursue material interest through marriage;
B. Motivation two: to seek sensual pleasure and beauty; Lydia and Mr,Bennet are examples of this kind.
C. Motivation three: to search for true love and also take personal merits and financial position into consideration; Elizabeth Bennet is a typical example of this kind.
Austen celebrated the third kind of motivation of marriage while criticizing the first two wrong motivations.
……
带思维导图版笔记在这里: 英美文学笔记
英国文学浪漫
英国:
浪漫主义时代开启:“湖畔派三诗人”(威廉·华兹华斯， 萨缪尔·柯勒律治， 索赛)
威廉·华兹华斯
人微该妈立物介绍(1770-1850)是英国浪漫主义文学先驱，“湖畔派”诗人中创作成就最大的一位。主要作品有《孤独的割麦女》、《哀歌，为比尔城堡而360问答作》，长诗《序曲》等。1798年与柯勒律治兵轮编钢亚阳合作的《抒情歌谣》和1800年这部诗集再版时华兹华斯所写的序言。这一集一序揭开了英国文学史崭新的一众极般居业力页，开创了文学的新时代，即浪漫主义时代。
英国第二代浪漫主义诗人(拜伦、雪莱):
雪莱
19世纪英国浪漫主义诗人，主要作品有《解放了的普罗米修斯》，自然山水诗:《致云雀》、《西风颂》，长诗《麦布女王》等。雪莱注重对未来的描绘，他试图在创作中充分描述出他对人类远景的看法。诗剧中普罗米修斯对暴君宙斯的紧最后妥协，进一步强调了不灯就汉短历星移以厂屈抗争的精神，并预言人类社会最终将“再也没有暴力，没有暴君，人们彼此间，好像精灵一样地自由。恩格斯称他为“天才的预言家”。《西风颂》中的名句“冬天已经来临，春天还会远吗?”到子副龙获征是雪莱理想主义的体现。
拜伦
(1788-1824)其主要作品有《恰尔德·哈洛尔德游记》、《梦》、《黑暗》、《唐璜》等，创造了“拜伦式英雄”的形象。
其作品具有强烈的空低立备蒸主观抒情性，“诗的本身即是热情”可谓他诗歌美学的核心。他
德国:
诺瓦利斯，迪克，“海德尔堡浪漫派”(克雷门斯·布伦塔诺，阿西姆·冯·阿均尔尼姆)，格林兄弟，克雷斯特，霍夫曼...等
法国:
夏多布里昂
法国诗人夏多布里昂是19 世纪法国浪漫主义的先驱
《基督教的真谛》:包括两部中篇《阿达拉》和《勒内》塑造了“世纪病”患者的形象。
《阿达拉》:写了一个发生在北美原森林的故事。歌颂了基督教的崇高伟大，赞美为天主献身的精神。是法国第一部浪漫主义小说。主人公:印第安人夏克塔斯、部落酋长之女阿达拉。
《勒 内》:写的是一个双族养照外根概企英土贵族青年的忏悔。
史达勒夫人，拉马丹，
雨果(1802–1885)欧洲19世纪浪漫主义文学的尔将误最极出代表。 《巴黎圣母院》、《悲惨世界》
乔治·桑
1832年，她板供就形群具以第一部长篇小说《安蒂亚娜》一举成名，从此享有广泛的马裂社会声誉，成为法国当时名气仅次于雨果的畅销书作家。桑的田园小说描绘大自然和乡村极为出色，她的《冬天之美》已经被收入我国中学课本。桑一生衣食无忧，晚年隐居乡村的举动有点像中国诗人陶迫获合克报答渊明。桑的女权主义在两性关系上的反映是倡导女性的主导地位。她的个人感情生活丰富走知游民振曾反聚阳示多彩，其思想和做派在今日看来依马乐难然长篇《“先锋”莫普拉》康想同乙树用零构感对素爱萝(序曲。
大仲马(1802–1870)最著名的是《三个火枪手》旧译《三剑客》，(点雨发唱及所队损源领提1844)、《基督山伯爵》。
俄罗斯
普希金(1799-1837)被称为“俄罗斯诗歌的太阳”。按照屠格涅夫的说法，他不但创造了俄罗斯语言，还创造了俄罗斯文学。他不但是俄罗斯浪漫主义的杰出代表，同时又是俄罗斯现实主义的奠基人。主要作品有“政治抒情诗”《自由颂》、《致察尔达耶夫》，诗体长篇小说《叶甫盖尼·奥涅金》，包括《射击》、《暴风雪》、《棺材匠》、《驿站长》以及《村姑小姐》5个短篇的《别尔金小说集》，长篇小说《上尉的女儿》，中篇小说《黑桃皇后》等。
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