用英文介绍 欧美后现代主义文学
后现代主义文学是第二次世界大战之后西方社会中出现的范围广泛的文学思潮，于20世纪70－80年代达到高潮。无论在文艺思想还是在创作技巧上，后现代主义文学都是现代主义文学的延续和发展。主流学术界曾经不区分“现代”和“后现代”两个概念，但由于二战之后文学发展的特征已经远远超过了传统的“现代主义”所能涵盖的范围，因此将后现代主义文学看作一个独立的文学思潮，和古典主义、浪漫主义、现实主义以及现代主义并举。
和通常意义上的思潮、流派不同，后现代主义文学既不是指称一个具体的作家或批评家的群体，也不存在被广泛认同的纲领和宣言。不仅如此，后现代文化是一种没有中心的多元文化，宽容各种不同的标准，主张“持续开发各种差异并为维护差异性的声誉而努力”。正是出于这个原因，后现代主义文学内部分支流派众多，各种思潮杂芜，很多后现代作家和批评家的自我理论体系本身就存在矛盾之处。尽管如此，对后现代主义文学的主要特征还是可以做出一些概括：
(1)彻底的反传统。后现代主义文学不仅仅反“旧的”传统，对于现代主义文学试图建立的“新的”传统也彻底否定。伏岩在后现代主义者眼中，文学和艺术应该是建立在对现有秩序的解构基础之上的。后现代文学不依托任何死去的或活着的理论。在体裁上，对传统的小说、诗歌和戏剧等形式乃至“叙述”本身进行解构。因此，后现代主义文学是一种“破坏性”的文学，即某种意义上的“反文学”。
(2)摈弃所谓的“终极价值”。后现代主义者认为一切传统意义上的崇高的事物和信念都是从话语中派生出来的短暂的产物，不值得“真诚”、“严肃”的对待。客观世界和人自身都被异化了，历史失去了方向和意义，社会体系不可改变。后现代主义作家不愿意对重大的社会、政治、道德、美学等问题进行严肃认真的思考，他们不仅无视对这些问题的关切，甚至无视这些春租问题本身。他们不再试图给世界以意义。
(3)后现代主义文学崇尚所谓“零度写作”，反对现代主义关于深度的“神话”，拒斥孤独感、焦灼感之类的深沉意识，将其平面化。在后现代文学中，写作消失了内容，而转向“写作”自身。作家仅仅把话语、语言结构当作自己为所欲为的领地，写作成为一种纯粹的扒厅兆表演、操作。例如，后现代主义作家往往蓄意让作品中各种成分互相分解、颠覆，让作品无终极意义可寻。
(4)后现代文学蓄意打破精英文学与大众文学的界限，出现了明显的向大众文学和“亚文学”靠拢的倾向。有些作品干脆以大众的文化消费品形式出现，试图模糊文学与非文学的界限。
在文体上，惯用矛盾（文本中各种因素互相颠覆）、交替（在文本中，对于同一事物的不同可能性的叙述交替出现）、不连贯性和任意性、极度（有意识的过度使用某种修辞手段以达到嘲弄它的目的）、短路（运用某些手段使对作品的阐释不得不中断）、反体裁（破坏体裁的公认特点和边界）、话语膨胀（把在文学创作中一直处于边缘地位的话语纳入主流）等手段，使得读者对作品的解读困难重重。
After the latter modernism literature is Second World War in thewestern society appears the scope widespread literature ideologicaltrend, reaches high tide to the 20th century 70 – 80's. Regardless ofin the literary thought or in the artistic technique, the lattermodernism literature all is modernism literature continuing with thedevelopment. After the mainstream academic circles once did notdifferentiate "the modern age" and "the modern age" two concepts,after but because World War II the literature developmentcharacteristic has already gone far beyond the scope which thetradition "the modernism" could cover, therefore 将后 the modernismliterature regarded as an independent literature ideological trend,with the classicism, the romanticism, the realism as well as themodernism developed simultaneously. With the usual significance in ideological trend, the school aredifferent, the latter modernism literature already is not refers to aname concrete writer or critic's community, also does not exist theguiding principle and the manifesto which widely approves. Not onlythat, the latter modern culture is one kind does not have central themulticultural, the tolerant each kind of different standard, advocated"continues to develop each kind of difference and tries hard for themaintenance different prestige". Is precisely stemming from thisreason, latter modernism literature interior branch schoolmultitudinous, each kind of ideological trend is mixed 芜, after verymany modern writer and critic's self- theory system itself existencecontradiction place. Although so, or may make some summaries to theafter modernism literature main characteristic: (1) thorough counter- tradition. Latter modernism literature notmerely instead "old" tradition, attempts regarding the modernismliterature "" newly to establish the tradition also thoroughly todeny. In the after modernism eye, the literature and art should be theestablishment in to the existing order 解构 above the foundation.The latter modern literature does not depend on any died or is livingthe theory. In the literature style, to form and so on traditionalnovel, poetry and play and even "the narration" itself carries on解构. Therefore, the latter modernism literature is one kind"destructiveness" literature, namely in some kind of significance"counter- literature". (2) abandons "the ultimate value" so-called. The latter modernismthought in all traditional significances the lofty thing and the faithall are the short product which derives from the words, is unworthy"sincere", "is serious" treatment. The objective world and persononeself by the disassimilation, the history has been all lost thedirection and the significance, the social system cannot change. Thelatter modernism writer is not willing to significant question and soon society, politics, morals, esthetics to carry on the seriousearnest ponder, they not only disregard to these questions concerns,even disregards these question itself. They no longer attempt to givethe world by the significance. After (3) modernism literature advocation so-called "zero degreewriting", opposed the modernism about the depth "the myth", repels thefeeling of being alone, deeply worried feeling and so on deepconsciousness, its plane. In the after modern literature, writing hasvanished the content, but changes "writing" oneself. The writer merelythe words, the language structure treats as the territory whichoneself acts in a self-serving manner, writes into one kind of pureperformance, the operation. For example, the latter modernism writeroften deliberately lets in the work each kind of ingredient mutuallydecompose, the subversion, lets the work not ultimate significance bepossible to seek. After (4) the modern literature deliberately breaks the outstandingperson literature and the popular literature boundary, appeared hasbeen obvious the tendency which and "the Asian literature" closed upto the popular literature. Some works simply by populace's culturalconsumable form appearance, attempt the fuzzy literature and the non-literature boundary. In the literary style, habitually using contradictory (in text eachkind of factor mutually subverts), in turn (in text, appears, not thecontinuity and free in turn regarding identical thing differentpossible narration), is extreme (consciously excessively use somerhetoric method to achieve ridicules it goal), short-circuits(utilizes certain methods to cause to work explanation to be able notbut to sever), the counter- literature style (destruction literaturestyle recognition characteristic and boundary), the words inflates(continuously is in literature creation edge status words to bringinto line with mainstream) and so on the method, enables the reader tobe beset with difficulties to work 解读.
在一节文艺复兴时期的艺术作
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