英语论文高校英语专业英美文学课
英美文学教学的几点倡议
1.文学史应与文学作品选读并重
关于中国学生来说，学习英美文学存在着言语障碍。作家与作家之间的写作作风悬殊,言来自语特征更是千差万别。为了使学生精确天文解原著的内容,进步学生的文学鉴赏才能,在教学过程中,教员应将文学史和文学作品有机分离起来。
其一,联络历史背景来深入了解作品。任何文学作品都是一定社会历史文化的产物,是作家对社会境况的一种深沉深思。文学史教材普通360问答依照时间次第编写,不只具有文学学些河病建市太液核么察科的特性,还具有历史学科的特性千教。只要把作品放到一定的历史环境中,才干了解作品的内涵和社会意义。以英国文学为例,大致可分为五个时期,即文艺复兴时期、新古典主义时期、浪漫主义时期、维多利亚时期和现代主义时期。其文学流派分别为人本主义、新古典主义、浪漫主触汽管超书志干稳困假义、批判理想主义和现代主义。文艺复兴时期,Shakespeare塑造了Portia、Bassanio、 Antonio、 Hamlet等一系列人本主义代表;新古典主义时期,Fiel触超远缺滑每持情哪ding描写了Tom Jones等道德说教的典型形象;浪漫主义时期,Byro溶该帝激思号点n塑造了Don Juan等Byron式的英雄人物;维多利亚时期,Dickens笔下的David Copperfield曾是资本主义社会的受害者,无情地批判了资本主义的罪恶;现代主义时期,Lawrence塑造了验承音完Paul等在当时的社会环境中团结的、扭曲了的人物性格。文学教员应该搜集相关的文学背景和历史背景材料,力图把最能阐明问题的贴切而又生动的资料西出班质切盟连引见给学生，并使学生在学习文学史的过程中理解一定的英美两国历史。其二刘例贵适路远攻修画盟附,导入文化语境，辅助文学史与作品教学。文化语年境“三源泉”,即古希更腊、罗马神话故事,《圣经》故事和亚瑟王传奇故事,是贯串整个英美文学的脉络。因而，说明文化语境有助于扩步委苦死慢列跑航学生更好天文解文学作品。纵观英美文学历史,像Shakespeare、Milton、Melvil记修需le、Faulkner等作家的作品,大局部都有直接援用或间接借用这些文化语境源泉。文学教员自身应该熟习并研读这些文化语境源泉故事,并向学生讲述这些故事,否则学生阅读文学作品时不能吃透原文的内涵,特别是作品中包含的文化内涵。例如,Milton在《Paradise Lost》中直接援用了《圣经》故事:撒旦造反、伊甸园、偷食禁果等。假如没有文化语境学问,学生在阅读时很难逾越文化鸿沟。
其三,分离作家生平,把握作黄娘免作答顾宽针民品的思想肉体。剖析文学作品,把握它的思想肉体必需联络、调查作家的生平,特别是头跟际举展他终身当中对他的核育防院京方快单文学创作产生了宏大影响的事情和人物,以及他的创作思想。例如在学习D.H.Lawrence的《Sons and Lovers》时,学生需求理解他的生平,父亲是一位粗鄙的煤矿工人,母亲是一位有教养的教员,对婚姻不满,把本人的全部情感倾注到她的两个儿子身上–D.H.Lawrence和他的哥哥。哥哥不幸夭折,母亲的爱全部给了D.H.Lawrence。母亲的爱超越了母亲对儿子正常的爱,以致于D.H.Lawrence不能与异性开展正常底展的关系。他后来与一位已婚女子结了婚,但他的终身都生活在母亲的阴影之中,能够说《Sons and Lovers》是他的生平写照。
2.采取互动教学法进步教学质量和学习效果
在传统的教学形式中,教员是所谓的“百科全书”,是高高在上、不可动摇的权威。学生常常具有较高水平的焦虑感和被动感。在教学中,师生之间应该是一种对等协作的关系。这种关系不只是表如今教员与学生共同处理言语认知方面的问题,而且也表如今包括师生情感、人格在内的肉体整体互动的过程中。教员应置信学生具有客观能动性,具有学习的潜力和才能。这关于学生加强自自信心、消弭焦虑感、处理被动学习尤为重要。英美文学对学生来说是生疏的,学习起来有一定的艰难。因而，学生难免会产生畏惧感和单调感。教员应该充沛调动学生的积极性,鼓舞学生查找相关材料，请求他们依据本人所查找的材料和信息停止陈说和发表意见，充沛调动学生的客观能动性和思想的发明性。教员可为学生提供思绪,或对学生的陈说停止评论,使学生认识到本人思想的共同之处和欠缺之处。另外，研讨标明学生与学生之间的互动可显著提升学习效果。因而，在教学过程中，能够采取学生之间互相协作的教学形式，行将学生分红若干小组，每个小组担任查询某一作家或某一文学时期的相关材料。学生在课堂上，将所控制信息讲述出来，并加以本人的评价。在这个过程中，学生之间互相协作可处理言语问题并停止思想沟通 论文网 。这样，有助于培育学生友好协作肉体。在英美文学教学过程中,不同的学生之间具有信息差。不同的学生会对某一作家或作品从不同的视角来认识和评价。教员要认识到这种差别，做到“有教无类、因材施教”，针对不同的状况采取不同的处理方法。固然一个人的视野是有限的,但学生经过互相交流,能够丰厚和拓宽本人的视野。
3.教员完善学问构造
作为一名高校英美文学教员，首先不只要熟习英美两国文学，还要理解和通晓中国文学及熟习其他国别的文学，以便在教学中做到熟能生巧，满足学生学习文学专业学问的需求;其次，除文学专业学问外，教员应具有广博的人文学科学问，要做到通晓一门、熟习几门、涉猎多门。对人文学科中的历史、哲学、心理学等与文学严密相关的学科具有广博的学问;再次，教员须控制文献检索、材料查询的办法，具有科学研讨和实践工作的才能，并且熟习现代多媒体等各种先进的教学手腕。在教学过程中，教授学生如何查阅文献，并培育学生具有一定的独立学习的才能;最后，英美文学教员须控制丰厚的本国文化学问，使学生理解英美文学史和作品的同时，进步对本国文化的酷爱。努力培育出具有国际视野的人才，并能停止中西比照，加强对文化差别的敏理性，认识中西文化各自的优势，扬长避短。
三、结论
传统的英美文学教学形式曾经不能有效地培育学生对英美文学的兴味,提升学生的文化涵养和人文素质。英美文学教学需求变革,其中教学过程的变革尤为重要。在这一过程中,只要完成教员与学生、学生与学生、文学史与文选的互动,才干使整个教学系统顺利地运转，从而进步教学质量和学习效果
英美文学｜浪漫主义时期
｜浪漫主义时期｜• 简介
英国浪漫主义时期一般被认为始于1798年，标志为华兹华斯与柯勒律治的《抒情歌谣集》的出版，终于1832年，标志为沃尔特•司各特的去世及议会的第一悔穗个改革提案的通过。
Gothic novel ,a type of romantic fiction that predominanted in the late eighteenth century, was one phase of the Romantic movement.Its principal elements are violence, horror,and the supernatural,which strongly appeal to the reader’s emotion.
哥特式小说是浪漫主义运动的一种形式 盛于浪漫主义前期18世纪末。
小说主要元素：暴力，恐怖，超自然力量的描写。
VIP :
1.William Blake
2.William Wordsworth
3.Percy Bysshe Shelley
4.Jane Austen
How is Romanticism different from Neoclassicism? Provide brief evidence from the literary works you know best.
1: Neoclassicists upheld that artistic ideals should be order,logic, restrained emotion and accuracy, and that literature should be judged in terms of its service to humanity, and thus, literary expression should be of proportion, unity, harmony and grace.
2: Romanticists tended to see the individual as the very center of all experience, including art, and thus, literary work should be “spontaneous overflow of strong feelings ”, and no matter how fragmentary those experiences were, the value of the work lied in the accuracy of presenting those unique feelings and particular attitudes.
3: In a word, Neoclassicism emphasizes rationality and form but Romanticism attached great importance to the individual’s mind.
威廉•布莱克 生于伦敦一个爱尔兰裔小商人家庭，一生中，他都身碧灶卜兼诗人与雕刻家两重角色，他的天才在他的有生之年是默默无闻的，只是在他去世后才被人挖掘出来并一举成名。
在文学上，布莱克是第一位重要的浪漫主义诗人，表现出对理性至上的轻视，对18世纪古典主义的叛逆以及对个人幻想的重视。
布莱克的代表作《天真之歌》表述了一个愉快而纯洁的世界，尽管这个世界也偶有苦难与罪恶。《经验之歌》则描绘了一个截然不同的世界，一个充满苦难、贫穷、疾病与战争的世界，笔调极为忧伤压抑。
《天真之歌》中不少诗篇都在《经验之歌》中有着姊妹辩高篇。比如“孩童之欣喜”与“孩童之忧愁”对应，纯洁的羔羊与燃烧的猛虎对应。两部诗集主题相似，笔调不同。
1.| Songs of Innocence & Songs of Experience |
【 Brief introduce 】
A. The Songs of Innocence is a lovely volume of poems, presenting a happy and innocent world, though not without its evils and sufferings.
B. His Songs of Experience paints a different world, a world of misery, poverty, disease, war and repression with a melancholy tone.
C. Childhood is the central to Blake's concern in the Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience.
2. | Tyger |
What does "symmetry" mean?
The well-proportioned body of the tiger.
What does "tyger" refer to?
There are different opinions about the tiger. Some say the tiger is made by God. Others say it is made by men. One more idea thinks that The Tyger is a poem about work, about artistic creation.
Please make a comment on William Blake's poetry.
A. His first collection of poems Poetical Sketches is one of youthful verse with joy, laughter, love and harmony as its prevailing notes.
B. The second volume of his Songs of Innocence presents a happy and innocent world.
C. The third — Songs of Experience paints a different world, a world of misery, poverty, disease, war and repression with a melancholy tone.
The last two hold the similar subject-matter, but their tone, emphasis and conclusion differ. Childhood remains central to the poet's concern in the two, with a number of poems from them can be pairs.
For example, the two poems both entitled "Chimney Sweeper" are such pairs, for the one in the Songs of Innocence indicates the conditions of the exploitation of child labor, which make religion a consolation, but the one in the Songs of Experience reveals the true nature of religion which helps bring misery to the poor children.
D. The maturity of Blake's poetry is shown in his poem Marriage of Heaven and Hell in which the relationship of the contraries is explored, for in the poet's eyes, "without contraries, there is no progression."
What does the poem "The Chimney Sweeper (from Songs of Experience)" reveal?
The two “Chimney Sweeper”poems are good examples to reveal the relation between an economic circumstance, i.e.the exploitation of child labor, and ideological circumstance. i.e.the role played by religion in making people compliant to exploitation.In the Songs of Experience reveals the true nature of religion which helps bring misery to the poor children.
威廉•华兹华斯
• 1797年，结识了科勒律治，两人成为知心密友，合作完成了《抒情歌谣集》。
• 诗人骚塞、科勒律治、和华兹华斯三人一并成为“湖畔诗人”。
• 1842年，华兹华斯荣获政府津贴，次年他压倒骚塞成为“桂冠诗人”（Poet Laureate）
• 华兹华斯被称为“大自然的膜拜者”。
• 华兹华斯是一个怀旧的诗人，对他来说，生命犹如轮回的旅程，生命之始也是生命之终。他的这种人生哲学体现在他的代表作《序曲》中。
• 华兹华斯追求简洁朴素的风格，厌恶粉饰真实。他强调诗歌创作最要紧的是把握素材的真实来源，即“在静谧中找回情感”。他的创作理论核心是普通人的生活经历。
• 华兹华斯是英国诗歌史上的巨星，是浪漫主义时期的杰出代表，他号召人们用清新、自然、关心的目光去看待周围的事物，开创了运用百姓生活语言写诗的新道路，并号召人们回归自然。
作家作品：
The Prelude
Composed upon Westminster Brige
Lyrical Ballads
I Wondered Lonely as a Cloud
The Solitary Reaper
1. | I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud |
This poem typically depicts the author's respect for nature. / His love for the daffodils.
2. | Composed upon Westminster Brige |
3. | She Dwelt Among the Untrodden Ways |
《独自幽居》By comparing a country girl (Lucy) to a violet, the poet intends to show her quality of beauty and her virtue which are often neglected by the common people just like a wild flower blooming by an untrodden road.
4. | The Solitary Reaper |
《孤独的收割者》It tells us, to Romanticists, poetry is an expression of an individual's feelings and experience no matter how fragmentary and momentary these feelings and experiences are. (无论他们的情感是微不足道的还是伟大的)
| Questions |
Please discuss the significance of William Wordsworth's poetry in the history of English literature.
A. First of all, Wordsworth's theory, as stated in his "preface" to the second edition of the Lyrical Ballads, serves as a manifesto of Romanticism. The poet takes the direct experience of the senses as the source of poetic truth as poetry comes from the "emotion recollected in tranquillity". The significance of the "Preface" also presents itself in the poet's advocation of the writing of the common people in ordinary language.
B. Secondly, his practice is what his theory implies, for the joys and sorrows of the common people are his themes, in many of his poems such as the "Lucy poems".
C. Thirdly, natural scenery with its beauty and mystery acts also as one of his favorite themes and the sympathy out of the poet's nature towards the poor in rural places becomes part of his concern.
D. Finally, the seemingly simplicity of the poet both in diction and description is immersed in a profound and sympathetic longing for a better world. So the most important contribution he has made is that he has not only started the modern poetry, the poetry of his growing inner self, but also changed the course of English poetry by using ordinary speech of the language and by advocating a return to nature.
雪莱 出生于一个富有家庭，父亲是个保守的乡绅，母亲貌美。
• 雪莱对自由的渴望及对暴政的憎恶都体现在诗作中，如《自由颂》《那不勒斯颂》等。
• 雪莱最著名的政治抒情诗是《致英格兰人民》，诗中号召工人，农民起来斗争，在宪章运动时期成为英国共产党的战歌。
• 雪莱最著名的抒情诗当属《西风颂》。瑟瑟寒风熄灭了一年的生机，却孕育着新春的希望，诗人希望自己也化作这西风，把他对未来的预言传遍人间。
• 雪莱最有造诣的作品是他的四幕诗剧《被解放的普罗米修斯》。
• 雪莱的诗歌语言清新别致，文化底蕴深厚，含有丰富的典故，并多用拟人和隐喻，将我们看到的事物完全生动地描绘出来。
作家作品：
To a Skylark
Men of England
Ode to the West Wind
| Men of England |
《致英格兰人民》It is not only a war cry calling upon all working people to rise up against their political oppressors, but an address to them pointing out the intolerable injustice of economic exploitation.
* "drones" refers to the parasitic class in human society.
* "bees of England" refers to the laboring people in England.
| Ode to the West Wind | (theme)
The poem expresses his eagerness to enjoy the boundless freedom from the reality.
【 奥斯汀一生完成六部作品，她的处女作《理智与情感》讲述了一对姐妹的恋爱经历》；《傲慢与偏见》是她最著名的作品。在写作风格上，她倡导新古典主义，坚持理性、秩序、典雅的原则。奥斯汀的创作主题总与个人的生活及人际关系有关，正因如此，她的作品具有普遍的意义。】
| Pride and Prejudice | (Theme)
A. It was oringinally drafted as "First Impressions" in 1796, is the most delightful of Jane Austen's works. The title tells of a major concern of the novel: pride and prejudice.
| Questions |
What are Austen's writing features?
Jane Austen is one of the realistic novelists. Austen's work has a very narrow literary field. Her novels show a wealth of humor, wit and delicate satire.
Based on her writings discuss Jane Austen's greatest contribution to English literature.
A. Jane Austen is one of the most important Romantic novelists in English literature. She creates six influential novels.
B. Her main literary concern is about human beings in their personal relationships. She makes trivial daily life as important as the concerns about human belief, career and salient social event. This is what makes her important in English literature.
C. Jane Austen has brought the English novel, as an art of form, to its maturity because of her sensitivity to universal patterns of human behavior and her accurate portrayal of human individuals.
D. She describe the world from a woman's point of view, and depicts a group of authentic and common women.
Make comments on Austen's attitude towards the three kinds of motivations of marriage the middle class people had in the second of the 18th century. (with specific examples from Pride and Prejudice )
A. Motivation one: to pursue material interest through marriage;
B. Motivation two: to seek sensual pleasure and beauty; Lydia and Mr,Bennet are examples of this kind.
C. Motivation three: to search for true love and also take personal merits and financial position into consideration; Elizabeth Bennet is a typical example of this kind.
Austen celebrated the third kind of motivation of marriage while criticizing the first two wrong motivations.
……
带思维导图版笔记在这里: 英美文学笔记
