评论家对霍桑(NathanielHawthorne)作品中象征主义写作手法的评论，
Hawthorne Writing Style
Nathaniel Hawthorne was a prominent early American Author who contribute片d greatly to the evolution of modern American literature. A New England native, Hawthorne was born in Salem, Massachusetts on July 4, 1804 and die量族历d on May 19, 1864 in New Hampshire. An avid seaman, Hawthorne's father died in 1808 when Na响脸氧晶当础械阿矛thaniel Hawthorne wa电圆球收告固s only a young child. Aft后后尽展日服孩跳带好东er his father's death, Hawthorne showed a keen intere360问答st in his father's 修百worldwide nautical adventures and often read t套波速和商约团英皇点鲁he logbooks his father had compiled from sailing abroad. Hawth海创统成orne was a descendant of a long line of New England Puritans, which sparked his interest in the Puritan way of life. After he graduated from Bowdoin College in 1825, Hawthorne returned to his home in Salem were he began to write in semi-seclusion. Hawthorne published his first novel, Fanshawe in 1828. In 1839, Hawthorne was ap并张弱科散委丰质杀pointed weigher and gauger at the 质航袁艺据钟周甲听免Boston Custom House. He later married Sophia Amel改川棉丝鲜听用均划括紧ia Peabody in 1842. In the following years, Hawt慢盐horne wrote his more famous novels which shaped his own lit济肥农对式应稳身经承erary style, as well as the genres of the romance novel and short story. Eventually, Hawthorne developed a style of romance fiction representative of his 具边么色载社二own beliefs. Alt欢空李节局破读景hough Nathaniel Hawthorne's writing style w兵载让又普许as often viewed a客物市试我有害再自皇s outdated when compared to modern literature, Hawthorne conveyed modern themes of 露上而而阿psychology and human nature through his crafty use of allegory and symbolism. To begin with, Hawthorne's style was commonplace for a writer of the nineteenth century. During the time period in which Hawthorne wrote, printing technology was not yet advanced enough to easily reproduce photographs in books. Therefore, Hawthorne frequently wrote lengthy visual descriptions since his audience had no other means to see the setting of the novel. (Magill:1 840). One example of such descriptions was in The Scarlet Letter when Hawthorne intricately describes the prison door and its surroundings. Another aspect of Hawthorne's writing which was exclusive to his time period was the use of formal dialogue which remained fairly consistent from character to character (Magill:2 140). Such overblown dialogue was evident in The Scarlet Letter when the dialogue of Pearl, a young child, exhibited no difference from the dialogue of the other characters in the novel. Hawthorne adopted the use of overly formal dialogue partly from a British writer, Sir Walter Scott, whose works were popular in the United States and Great Britain (Magill:1 841). Although Hawthorne's dialogue was overly formal, it was an accurate tool in describing human emotion (Gale). Absence of character confrontation was another component of Hawthorne's literary style. Hawthorne frequently focused more on a character's inner struggle or a central theme than on heated encounters between characters (Gale). One example of this style can be found in The Scarlet Letter since the novel was almost solely based on the commandment 'Thou shall not commit adultery' (Magill:1 846). Despite dated dialogue and dated writing style, Hawthorne implied various modern themes in his works. One of Hawthorne's recurring themes throughout his works was his own view on human nature. Hawthorne explored an interesting human psychology through his exploration of the dark side of human consciousness (Magill:1 841). In The Scarlet Letter, Hawthorne introduced 'a profound comment on the breakdown of human relationships in the society of the seventeenth century' (Harris 304). Hawthorne's theme that human nature is full of wickedness was also evident in 'Young Goodman Brown' when the title character encountered great difficulty in resisting temptation (Magill:3 1143). One outstanding aspect found in Hawthorne's writing was the concept of neutral territory. Hawthorne described this concept as 'a neutral territory, somewhere between the real world and fairy-land where the actual and imaginary may meet, and each imbue itself with the nature of the other' (Litz 145). The concept of neutral ground was most evident in the Custom House section of The Scarlet Letter and served as the area in which romance took place (Magill:1 1569). Hawthorne's modern themes were also modeled by Hawthorne's own religious beliefs. Although it was not the only reason Hawthorne wrote The Scarlet Letter, his Puritan background contributed greatly to his portrayal of a sinner in a strict Puritan community (Litz 157). Hawthorne also raised questions concerning the morality and necessity of Hester Prynne's exile in The Scarlet Letter. One reason for these inquires was Hawthorne's disbelief in heaven, hell, angels, or devils since modern science was undermining the Bible (Magill:2 847). Unlike the frankness commonly found in modern twentieth century literature, the nature of literature in the nineteenth century was more conservative. Therefore, Hawthorne implied more modern themes through the use of symbolism. One of Hawthorne's most obvious symbols in The Scarlet Letter was Pearl, the living product of the adulterous affair between Arthur Dimmesdale and Hester Prynne. Even though some of Hawthorne's symbols were fantastical, they represented an anachronistic moral standpoint of Hawthorne himself. (Gale) An example of this symbolism was Hester's moral sin of adultery symbolized by an overly ornate scarlet 'A' on Hester's breast. In fact, few authors who worked outside realism have been as concerned with morals as Hawthorne was. (Magill:2 1572). Hawthorne also employed allegory as a way of presenting themes. Hawthorne often achieved allegory by placing characters in a situation outside of the ordinary (Magill:2 1572). In The Scarlet Letter Hawthorne presented a highly complex variation on his usual theme of human isolation and the human community (Harris 304). Hester Prynne was a superb example of both these themes since she was isolated from a strict Puritan community. Possibly, Hawthorne's recurring theme of isolation stemmed from his own experience of seclusion (Gale). Hawthorne explored the themes of penance for sins and cowardliness when Arthur Dimmesdale struggled with himself to make his sin public. In conclusion, Hawthorne's literary style did indeed contain elements such as description and dialogue, which seemed out of place when compared to modern twentieth century literature. However, Hawthorne's style was typical of the literary style of the time. Nevertheless, Hawthorne addressed modern themes and expressed his own view on human nature and religion. In addition, Hawthorne's symbolism was an essential tool in addressing topics, which were too radical to be publicly addressed in the nineteenth century. Therefore, Hawthorne's symbolism an astute way to express his own beliefs. Hawthorne also achieved a unique form of allegory by placing characters in unusual situations. Hawthorne used various symbols to imply themes of adultery, sins, and human morality. All in all, Hawthorne deeply examined every facet of human nature and drew conclusions from the experiences of the characters in his work. WORKS CITED Hawthorne, Nathaniel. The Scarlet Letter.
Fitzgerald, Sheila ed. Short Story Criticism. vol.4.
Detroit: Gale Research Company, 1989.
Gale ed. DISCovering Authors. Detroit: Gale Research Company , 1996.
Harris, Laurie Lanzen. Nineteenth Century Literature Criticism. vol. 54. Detroit: Gale Research Company, 1985.
Litz, Waltona ed. American Writers. New York: Charles Scriner's Sons, 1998.
霍桑“心理罗曼史”的巨大影响
纳撒尼尔·霍桑（Nathaniel Hawthorne,1804—1864）是19世纪前半期美国最伟大的小说家。
他出生于马萨诸塞州塞勒姆镇一个没落的官宦家庭，祖上有人参加过1692年的“塞勒姆驱巫案”（Salem Witchcraft Trials）。这段历史对霍桑的思想产生了深刻的影响。1821年，在亲戚的资助下进入博多因学院（Bowdoin College）学习，霍桑大学毕业后开始文学创作，最初以短篇故事为主。1828年，霍桑匿名发表了自己的第一部长篇小说《范肖》（Fanshawe,1828），但并未引起关注。
1837年他出版了两卷本短篇小说集《重讲一遍的故事》（Twice-Told Tales,1837），开始正式署上自己的名字。作品反映出其对社会和人.性.阴.暗.面的关注以及对清.教主义传统既反叛又难以割舍的矛盾思想。1842年他和女友索菲亚完婚，婚姻非常美满。两人到马萨诸塞州的康科德村老牧师住宅居住三年，期间霍桑完成短篇小说集《古宅青苔》（Mosses from an Old Manse,1846)。其中的短篇小说《小伙子布朗》（Young Goodman Brown）、《拉伯西尼医生的女儿》（Rappaccini's Daughter）很受欢迎。
1848年霍桑再次失去海.关的职务之后便致力于创作活启渣迹动，写出了他最重要的长篇小说《红字》（The Scarlet Letter,1850）。小说以两百多年前的殖.民地时代的美洲为题材，大力抨击清.教主义，从心理和道德角度探究罪.恶对人的影响。主人公海梁仔丝特被写成了崇高道德的化身。她不但感化了表里不一的丁梅斯代尔，同时也在感化着充满罪.恶的社会。
《红字》发表后获得巨大成功，霍桑继而创作了不少作品。其中《带有七个尖角阁的房子》（The House of the Seven Gables,1851）和《福谷传奇》（The Blithedale Romance,1852）也极具影响。1853年皮尔斯就任美国总统后，霍桑被任命为驻英国利物浦的领事。1857年皮尔斯离任，霍桑侨居意大利，创作了另一部讨论善恶问题的长篇小说《玉石人像》（悄并The Marble Faun: Or, The Romance of Monte Beni，1860）。1860年霍桑返回美国，在康科德定居，坚持写作。1864年5月19日霍桑与皮尔斯结伴旅游途中，在美国新罕布什尔州朴茨茅斯去世，身后留下四部未完成的长篇小说。
霍桑擅长揭示人物内心冲突和心理描写，作品想象力丰富且结构严谨，运用了象征主义手法，多带有浓厚的宗.教气氛和神.秘色彩。他着重探讨道德和罪.恶的问题，揭示伦.理道德的深刻意义，主张通过善行和自忏来洗刷罪.恶、净化心灵，从而得到拯救。霍桑把自己的小说称为“心理罗曼史”（Romance）。他对美国文学的发展做出了很大的贡献，他对亨利·詹姆斯（Henry James,1843—1916）、福克纳（William Faulkner,1879—1962）等后代作家也产生了极大的影响。
