梅奥根据霍桑试验得出了哪些结论？他的观点和人性假设理论有何区别？
梅奥等人通过霍桑实验得出结论：人们的生产效率不仅受到物理的、生理的因素的影响
梅奥的“社会人”假设的基本要点是：
（1）传统管理把人性假设为“经济人”这是不完全的， 人应该是社会人。除了物质条件外，社会心理的因素对调动人的生产积极性有很大的影响。
（2）传统管理认为生 产效率主要取决于工作方法和工作条件。霍桑实验结果表明：生产效率的高低主要取决于职工的士气，而士气取决于职工在家庭、企业及社会生活中的人际关系是否协调一致。
（3）传统管理只重视人的正式组织团体、 注意团体结构、职权划分、规章制度等对人的行为的影响；而梅奥则注意非正式团体，无形组织的作用，其有着特殊的规范，影响团体成员的行为。
（4）提出了新型领导的必要性， 这种领导关于倾听和沟通职工的意见，使正式团体的经济需要和非正式团体的社会需要取得平衡。
评论家对霍桑(N
Hawthorne Writing Style
Nathaniel Hawthorne was a prominent early Americ销发角罪布挥求克触别an Author who con利经流听上读余tributed greatly to the e等加善般海白造核volution of mo争推导dern American literature. A New England 止native, Hawthorne was born in Salem, Massachusetts on July 4, 1804 and died on M策弱小艺ay 19, 1864 in New Hampshire. 物盐系间众晚案杨An avid seaman, Hawthorne's fathe火封r died in 18宜深切再丝临探病诉08 when Nathaniel 且话功六指完试装Hawthorne was only a young child. After his father's death, Hawthorne sho令特wed a keen interes棉装底长换t in his father's worldwide nautical adventures and often read the logboo品析何目当知刚鸡蒸致数ks his father had compiled from sailing abroad. Hawthorne wa助肉封鲜花精信费实协职s a descendant of a long line of New England Puritans, which sparked his interest in the Puritan way of life. After he graduated fr备境儿量频耐川om Bowdoin College in 1825, Hawthorne returned to his home in Salem were he began to write in semi-互山消seclusion. Hawthorne published his first novel, Fanshawe in 1828. In 1839, Hawthorne was appointed weigher and 香木阿伯认想gauger at the Boston Custom House. He later married Sophia Amelia Peabody in 1842款副模两担调翻思急东. In the following years, Hawthorne wrote his more famous novels which shaped his own literary style, as well as the genres of the romance novel and short story. Eventually, Hawthorne developed a style of romance fiction representative of his own beliefs. Although Nathaniel Hawthorne's writing style was often viewed as outdated when compared to modern literature, Hawthorne conveyed modern themes of psychology and human nature through his crafty use of allegory and symbolism. To begin with, Hawthorne's style was commonplace for a writer of the nineteenth century. During the time period in which Hawthorne wrote, printing technology was not yet advanced enough to easily reproduce photographs in books. Therefore, Hawthorne frequently wrote lengthy visual descriptions since his audience had no other means to see the setting of the novel. (Magill:1 840). One example of such descriptions was in The Scarlet Letter when Hawthorne intricately describes the prison door and its surroundings. Another aspect of Hawthorne's writing which was exclusive to his time period was the use of formal dialogue which remained fairly consistent from character to character (Magill:2 140). Such overblown dialogue was evident in The Scarlet Letter when the dialogue of Pearl, a young child, exhibited no difference from the dialogue of the other characters in the novel. Hawthorne adopted the use of overly formal dialogue partly from a British writer, Sir Walter Scott, whose works were popular in the United States and Great Britain (Magill:1 841). Although Hawthorne's dialogue was overly formal, it was an accurate tool in describing human emotion (Gale). Absence of character confrontation was another component of Hawthorne's literary style. Hawthorne frequently focused more on a character's inner struggle or a central theme than on heated encounters between characters (Gale). One example of this style can be found in The Scarlet Letter since the novel was almost solely based on the commandment 'Thou shall not commit adultery' (Magill:1 846). Despite dated dialogue and dated writing style, Hawthorne implied various modern themes in his works. One of Hawthorne's recurring themes throughout his works was his own view on human nature. Hawthorne explored an interesting human psychology through his exploration of the dark side of human consciousness (Magill:1 841). In The Scarlet Letter, Hawthorne introduced 'a profound comment on the breakdown of human relationships in the society of the seventeenth century' (Harris 304). Hawthorne's theme that human nature is full of wickedness was also evident in 'Young Goodman Brown' when the title character encountered great difficulty in resisting temptation (Magill:3 1143). One outstanding aspect found in Hawthorne's writing was the concept of neutral territory. Hawthorne described this concept as 'a neutral territory, somewhere between the real world and fairy-land where the actual and imaginary may meet, and each imbue itself with the nature of the other' (Litz 145). The concept of neutral ground was most evident in the Custom House section of The Scarlet Letter and served as the area in which romance took place (Magill:1 1569). Hawthorne's modern themes were also modeled by Hawthorne's own religious beliefs. Although it was not the only reason Hawthorne wrote The Scarlet Letter, his Puritan background contributed greatly to his portrayal of a sinner in a strict Puritan community (Litz 157). Hawthorne also raised questions concerning the morality and necessity of Hester Prynne's exile in The Scarlet Letter. One reason for these inquires was Hawthorne's disbelief in heaven, hell, angels, or devils since modern science was undermining the Bible (Magill:2 847). Unlike the frankness commonly found in modern twentieth century literature, the nature of literature in the nineteenth century was more conservative. Therefore, Hawthorne implied more modern themes through the use of symbolism. One of Hawthorne's most obvious symbols in The Scarlet Letter was Pearl, the living product of the adulterous affair between Arthur Dimmesdale and Hester Prynne. Even though some of Hawthorne's symbols were fantastical, they represented an anachronistic moral standpoint of Hawthorne himself. (Gale) An example of this symbolism was Hester's moral sin of adultery symbolized by an overly ornate scarlet 'A' on Hester's breast. In fact, few authors who worked outside realism have been as concerned with morals as Hawthorne was. (Magill:2 1572). Hawthorne also employed allegory as a way of presenting themes. Hawthorne often achieved allegory by placing characters in a situation outside of the ordinary (Magill:2 1572). In The Scarlet Letter Hawthorne presented a highly complex variation on his usual theme of human isolation and the human community (Harris 304). Hester Prynne was a superb example of both these themes since she was isolated from a strict Puritan community. Possibly, Hawthorne's recurring theme of isolation stemmed from his own experience of seclusion (Gale). Hawthorne explored the themes of penance for sins and cowardliness when Arthur Dimmesdale struggled with himself to make his sin public. In conclusion, Hawthorne's literary style did indeed contain elements such as description and dialogue, which seemed out of place when compared to modern twentieth century literature. However, Hawthorne's style was typical of the literary style of the time. Nevertheless, Hawthorne addressed modern themes and expressed his own view on human nature and religion. In addition, Hawthorne's symbolism was an essential tool in addressing topics, which were too radical to be publicly addressed in the nineteenth century. Therefore, Hawthorne's symbolism an astute way to express his own beliefs. Hawthorne also achieved a unique form of allegory by placing characters in unusual situations. Hawthorne used various symbols to imply themes of adultery, sins, and human morality. All in all, Hawthorne deeply examined every facet of human nature and drew conclusions from the experiences of the characters in his work. WORKS CITED Hawthorne, Nathaniel. The Scarlet Letter.
Fitzgerald, Sheila ed. Short Story Criticism. vol.4.
Detroit: Gale Research Company, 1989.
Gale ed. DISCovering Authors. Detroit: Gale Research Company , 1996.
Harris, Laurie Lanzen. Nineteenth Century Literature Criticism. vol. 54. Detroit: Gale Research Company, 1985.
Litz, Waltona ed. American Writers. New York: Charles Scriner's Sons, 1998.
